PSYC100 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE General Theoretical Perspectives Sociobiological Theory evolutionary reproduce and survive inheritance Sociocultural Theory group norms Learning Theory behaviorism seek pleasure and avoid pain behavior determined by consequences Social Cognitive Theory goals thoughts and behaviors guided by beliefs attitudes expectations goals Behavioral Psychology Stimulus any event that we can perceive e g a sound light touch taste or smell Classical Conditioning when two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response Pavlov s dog experiment associated a ticking metronome with food dog produced saliva to metronome Classically conditioned association Pavlov s dog o Neutral Stimulus Metronome o Unconditioned Stimulus Food o Unconditioned Response Salivation o Conditioned Stimulus Metronome o Conditioned Response Salivation Watsons Little Albert afraid of white rat association Types o Forward Short Delay NS appears short pause then UCS appears o Simultaneous Present the two stimuli at exactly the same time o Forward Long Delay Have a longer delay between the NS and UCS o Backwards The UCS appears first and then the NS appears Stimulus Generalization applying what you learn about one stimulus to another similar stimulus and reacting the same way Stimulus Discrimination the ability to distinguish between two different stimuli Erasing an undesired association Counter conditioning provide an exciting reward after the CS to produce a positive CR Systematic desensitization the process of slowly erasing a response by exposing the subject to the stimulus in increasing levels of intensity Flooding erase association by exhaustion consistently Positive Reinforcement presenting a desired stimulus after a desired behavior has occurred Negative Reinforcement removing an aversive stimulus after a desired behavior has occurred Positive Punishment presenting an aversive stimulus after an undesired behavior has occurred Negative Punishment removing a desired stimulus after an undesired behavior has occurred Primary Reinforcer a stimulus that is naturally desirable UCS Ex As it relates to your behavior your favorite brand of candy Secondary Reinforcer a neutral stimulus NS that becomes a desirable conditioned stimulus CS through conditioning Ex As it relates to your behavior you know you did a good job if a crowd of people claps after you re finished speaking Primary Punisher a stimulus that is naturally undesirable UCS Ex As it relates to your behavior getting a smack on the back of your head when you say something inappropriate Secondary Punisher a neutral stimulus NS that becomes an undesirable conditioned stimulus CS through conditioning Ex As it relates to your behavior you know you did a poor job if a crowd of people quietly boos after you re finished speaking Shaping the process of teaching a desired behavior e g the dolphin jumping through the hoop by reinforcing successive approximations to that behavior Successive approximations The successive approximations reinforced are increasingly accurate approximations of a response desired by a trainer Superstitious Behavior associating the wrong behavior with a consequence acting as though the behavior has a meaningful consequence Cognition Intelligence and Memory Motivation Determines Allocation Cocktail Effect the importance of information sensory like touch or factual like a set of statistics determines what proportion of your available resources will be consumed about it Ex If you are running from a bear the sensation of being thirsty is hardly important enough to pay attention to Ex If someone is talking about you it might be important enough to shift your resources over to that conversation cocktail party effect Heuristics mental shortcuts that help us make decisions quickly and with minimal cognitive effort Availability Heuristics the easier it is to think of instances of something the more often that thing occurs Ex Murders v Suicides People think there are more murders because they hear about it more but there are actually more suicides Representativeness Heuristics which category does this instance best represent Ex Truck driver v Teacher Judging based on what they wear you put them into a category Confirmation Bias we tend to look for information that supports what we already believe to be true if we agree it s a fact Ex if we have made a decision in the past like selecting a brand of laundry detergent or toothpaste the simplest thing to do is repeat that decision Maintenance Rehearsal repeat things over and over again until you have encoded the information well enough that it will be stored and available for retrieval whenever you need it Elaborative Rehearsal the more associations you form when you encode the information the more likely you are to encode store and retrieve the information later Method of Loci associating new information with locations you are familiar with Primary Effect If we are studying a long list of words for example we are more likely to remember the first items Recency Effect If we are studying a long list of words for example we are more likely to remember the last items State Dependent Memory the best way to recall information is to be in the same state of mind as you were when encoding it Theory of Mind we understand that we have our own unique thoughts ideas and knowledge compared to everyone else ability to lie Ex Chimps chimp sends warning call other chimps climb up tree first chimp climbs down and gets food Ex Humans Sally puts ball in basket and leaves Ella takes ball and puts in box Sally comes back and we ask observer where Sally will look for the ball If observer has theory of mind they will say Sally will look for it in the basket Accessibility What makes some concepts accessible more than others Biological Foundations Neuron Axon carries the cells impulse to the terminal Axon Hillock joins the soma and axon to collect the impulses before sending one down the cell Dendrites receives impulses from other cells Schwann Cells the Myelin Sheath surrounds some neurons to increase how efficiently it can carry an impulse Soma contains the genetic instructions for the function of the cell Terminal spreads the cell s impulse out to reach other neurons Terminal buttons links up the dendrites of the next neuron in the chain Synapse area where neurotransmitters are released from the terminal buttons to travel to the dendrite of the next neuron Impulses Pre synaptic neuron neuron
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