Terms concepts Definitions examples Motivation involves factors that energize initiate direct and sustain behavior it helps maintain homeostasis E g doing poorly at work motivates you to do better Needs States of deficiency e g hunger loneliness needs produce states of arousal which drive behavior Maslow influential concept of a hierarchy of needs helped shape humanistic Maslow developed the idea that people need to be self actualized and that they have the opportunity to be all they can be to be happy and have self psychology peace E g artists need to be able to create art to be fully happy If basic needs aren t met physiological and safety needs such as the need for food and the need for safety during war we won t think about higher stages in the hierarchy necessary for survival If needs are met we move up the hierarchy to belonging and love esteem and self actualization things that are technically luxuries they are not Esteem you feel good about yourself and who you are Self actualization you are all you can be e g a musician is able to create music and you have fulfilled all of your needs and drives Drives Psychological states activated to satisfy needs Bulimia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake Mortality salience The prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will hypothesis work to reinforce their cultural worldviews Hull proposed that specific aroused drive states an increase in proportion to the amount of deprivation Incentives External motivators culturally determined Habit Behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become habit E g we are hungry after we wake up in the morning so we eat breakfast which becomes a habit Yerkes Dodson Law Optimal arousal We want a balanced level of arousal not too little or too much in order to be happy and maintain our best performance E g when taking an exam if you are bored and have low arousal you will perform poorly and if you are panicking and have high arousal you will also perform poorly Just the right amount of arousal is optimal and will let you meet your optimal performance We like an optimal level of challenge E g kids who are extroverted may seek out more arousal perhaps by breaking into people s houses for excitement and kids who are introverted may avoid arousal by being alone Extrinsic vs intrinsic extrinsic involves external motivation while intrinsic involves internal motivation motivation such as the curiosity play and exploratory drive we have Intrinsic motivation also includes creativity and problem solving Conscious motivation A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward Unconscious motivation A motivation of which one is not aware Need for achievement The motivation to solve worthwhile problems Approach motivation A motivation to experience positive outcomes Avoidance motivation A motivation not to experience negative outcomes Overjustification effect extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation E g if you give children crayons they will draw with them intrinsic but if you give them stickers as a reward each time they draw a picture with crayons they will stop drawing with crayons just for fun Control theory we like having control of what we are doing We also like the idea that we are intrinsically motivated even though we may get extrinsic motivation have control over your behavior You become less motivated if people tell you what to do because you don t Self perception our attitudes are formed by watching what we ourselves do E g we may begin to think that we like to hang out with our friends because we observe that we frequently hang out with them Need to belong Humans have a fundamental need to belong even if it is within a small The need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences Not belonging increases the risk for health problems including emotional group cognition and emotion distress to be included Social exclusion theory We are uncomfortable when excluded This discomfort motivates us to try Feeling excluded increases the risks for many problems health problems psychological problems risk of suicide etc What do people do they seek out others when they are anxious Misery loves miserable company not just any company When we are sad we like to be with others that are sad or are experiencing the same thing for support E g in an experiment participants were either told that they would experience a high electric shock that would hurt a lot or a low shock that would not hurt at all They were also given the choice to wait with others or to wait alone More people chose to wait with others that were assigned the high electric shock Social comparison We like to be better than or equal to others theory Emotions E g we don t like to hang out with people that are smarter than us complex reactions that engage our bodies and minds at multiple levels A psychological model of Physical processes expressive behavior and cognitive appraisal all influence emotion our emotions Physical processes differ for different emotions e g sweating when Expressive behavior What you show It can be different from what you feel e g you may smile even though you nervous are sad Cognitive appraisal what you say to yourself what you think The facial feedback When you smile you activate muscles linked to happiness which makes you hypothesis happier Botox and emotion Botox is an injection that paralyzes your muscles It can have health In an experiment when people were asked to bite on a pen forming a smile they were happier whereas when they held then pen with their lips forming more of a frown they felt more sad benefits for muscle pain and spams but it can also be used for cosmetic purposes e g having less wrinkles and looking younger Botox causes the dampening of emotions because of the decrease in muscle movement Theories of fear James Lange theory Cannon Bard theory Schachter Stinger two factor theory James Lange theory When you see a grizzly bear your body has an automatic physiological reaction your heart pounds you tremble you sweat which produces the reaction of fear no thought process occurs reaction and a fear reaction Cannon Bard theory When you see a grizzly bear you simultaneously have a physiological Schachter Stinger two When you see a grizzly you have a physiological