Motivation and Emotion Needs drives and arousal motivate behavior o Motivation involves factors that energize initiate direct and sustain behavior o Needs are states of deficiency e g hunger loneliness o Maslow s influential concept of a hierarchy of needs helped shape humanistic psychology peace Maslow developed the idea that people need to be self actualized and that they have the opportunity to be all they can be to be happy and have self E g artists need to be able to create art to be fully happy If basic needs aren t met physiological and safety needs such as the need for food and the need for safety during war we won t think about higher stages in the hierarchy If needs are met we move up the hierarchy to belonging and love esteem and self actualization things that are technically luxuries they are not necessary for survival Esteem means you feel good about yourself and who you are Self actualization means you are all you can be e g a musician is able to create music and you have fulfilled all of your needs and drives o Drives are psychological states activated to satisfy needs o Needs produce states of arousal which drive behavior o Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis E g doing poorly at work motivates you to do better E g being hungry motivates you to get food Yerkes Dodson Law of deprivation o Hull proposed that specific aroused drive states an increase in proportion to the amount o Behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become habit E g we are hungry after we wake up in the morning so we eat breakfast which becomes a habit o Incentives are external motivators and are culturally determined o Optimal arousal Yerkes Dodson Law We want a balanced level of arousal not too little or too much in order to be happy and maintain our best performance E g when taking an exam if you are bored and have low arousal you will perform poorly and if you are panicking and have high arousal you will also perform poorly Just the right amount of arousal is optimal and will let you meet your optimal performance We like an optimal level of challenge E g kids who are extroverted may seek out more arousal perhaps by breaking into people s houses for excitement and kids who are introverted may avoid arousal by being alone Some behaviors are motivated for their own sake o Extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation extrinsic involves external motivation while intrinsic involves internal motivation such as the curiosity play and exploratory drive we have Also includes creativity and problem solving E g if you give children crayons they will draw with them intrinsic but if you give them stickers as a reward each time they draw a picture with crayons they will stop drawing with crayons just for fun E g if you volunteer you are intrinsically motivated but if you start getting paid for your work you lose the intrinsic motivation and it is replaced by the extrinsic motivation of making money o Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation This is like the overjustification effect e g children may be less likely to play soccer on their own because society has created so many rules and put so much importance on competitive soccer that its meaning has changed and it is no longer intrinsically rewarding o Control theory we like having control of what we are doing We also like the idea that we are intrinsically motivated even though we may You become less motivated if people tell you what to do because you don t have get extrinsic motivation control over your behavior o Self perception our attitudes are formed by watching what we ourselves do E g we may begin to think that we like to hang out with our friends because we observe that we frequently hang out with them Humans have a fundamental need to belong even if it is within a small group o The need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and o Not belonging increases the risk for health problems including emotional distress We are uncomfortable when excluded This discomfort motivates us to try to emotion o Social exclusion theory be included Feeling excluded increases the risks for many problems health problems psychological problems risk of suicide etc People seek others when they are anxious o Isolation produces anxiety but anxiety motivates the desire for company o Misery loves miserable company not just any company When we are sad we like to be with others that are sad or are experiencing the same thing for support E g in an experiment participants were either told that they would experience a high electric shock that would hurt a lot or a low shock that would not hurt at all They were also given the choice to wait with others or to wait alone More people chose to wait with others that were assigned the high electric shock o Social comparison theory we like to be better than or equal to others E g we don t like to hang out with people that are smarter than us Introduction to emotional processes o What is emotion Emotions are complex reactions that engage our bodies and minds at multiple o A psychological model of emotion Physical processes expressive behavior and cognitive appraisal all influence our Physical processes differ for different emotions e g sweating when nervous Expressive behavior what you show can be different from what you feel e g you may smile even though you are sad Cognitive appraisal what you say to yourself think levels emotions o The facial feedback hypothesis happier When you smile you activate muscles linked to happiness which makes you In an experiment when people were asked to bite on a pen forming a smile they were happier whereas when they held then pen with their lips forming more of a frown they felt more sad o Botox and emotion Botox is an injection that paralyzes your muscles It can have health benefits for muscle pain and spams but it can also be used for cosmetic purposes e g having less wrinkles and looking younger Botox causes the dampening of emotions because of the decrease in muscle movement o Theories on fear James Lange theory When you see a grizzly bear your body has an automatic physiological reaction your heart pounds you tremble you sweat which produces the reaction of fear no thought process occurs Cannon Bard theory reaction and a fear reaction Schachter Stinger Two factor theory When you see a grizzly bear you simultaneously have a physiological When you see a grizzly you have a physiological reaction and a thought about the situation e g that is a