Test 1 Study Guide GLY 1000 Farman Ullah Citation Marshak Stephen and Donald R Prothero Earth Portrait of a Planet 4th ed New York Norton 2001 Print Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 NOTES COSMOLOGY AND THE BIRTH OF EARTH 2 CHAPTER 2 NOTES JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH 7 CHAPTER 3 NOTES DRIFTING CONTINENTS AND SPREADING SEAS 12 CHAPTER 4 NOTES THE WAY THE EARTH WORKS PLATE TECTONICS 15 CHAPTER 5 NOTES PATTERNS IN NATURE MINERALS 18 CHAPTER 6 NOTES UP FROM THE INFERNO MAGMA AND IGNEOUS ROCKS 24 CHAPTER 7 NOTES PAGES OF EARTH S PAST SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 31 1 Chapter 1 Notes Cosmology and the Birth of Earth Universe Cosmology Geocentric Model This includes all of space and all the matter and energy within it This is the study of the overall structure and history of the universe In Homer s a Greek poet day astronomers knew the difference between stars and planets However they did not know that the Earth was round that it was a planet or that the sun was actually the center of the universe The earth was stable at the center of the universe and the moon and planets revolved around the earth Ptolemy an Egyptian mathematician developed equations that appeared to predict the motion of the planets in correlation to the Geocentric model This model was held as religious dogma for 1400 years This model was in favor because of the idea that humans the only life form to exhibit complex and conscious thought were at the center of the universe This complex thought lead to curiosity insight and the ability to learn Heliocentric Model The sun is the center of the universe and the earth and other planets orbited the sun During the Renaissance Nicolas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei changed people s views to being in favor of the Heliocentric model Copernicus published evidence for heliocentricity Galileo observed moons orbiting Jupiter Facts about Earth Earth spins on its axis at about 1674 km h faster than the speed of light Leon Foucault a French scientist proved the theory of earth spinning on its axis by using a pendulum Earth travels in orbits around the sun for a total distance of about 150 million km in the 365 days that it takes to complete an orbit The Earth has a circumference of 40 000 km calculated by Eratosthenes Earth is 4 7 billion years old There are billions of solar systems in the galaxy and billions of galaxies in the universe Gravity Planets The attractive force that one object exerts on another Isaac Newton discovered gravity Newton s theory of gravity explained planet motion The strength of gravity depends on the quantity of matter in the two masses and the distance between them Natural laws govern natural events not the gods The entire solar system is held together by gravity A planet is an object that orbits a star is spherical in nature and has cleared its neighborhood of other objects 2 There are 8 planets in the solar system Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Pluto is NOT considered a planet A moon is a sizeable solid body that is locked into orbit around a planet Moons Terrestrial Planets Mercury Venus Earth and Mars are considered this because they consist of a shell of rock surrounding a ball of metallic iron alloy The 4 planets that are closest to the sun are relatively small They are small dense and rocky Gas Giant Planets Jovian Planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune are considered this because their mass mostly consists of gas and ice The 4 planets that are furthest from the sun are huge in size They are large have a low density and are gaseous Chunks of rock or metal comprise a belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter This is a push or a pull that causes the velocity speed of an object to change in magnitude and or direction A mechanical contact force results when one mass moves and comes into contact with another A non contact or field force applies across a distance it includes gravity and magnetism The force that is generated by electricity flowing in a wire or by special materials called magnets This can be attractive pulling or repulsive pushing Immense balls of incandescent gas in which nuclear fusion reactions produce intense heat and light Gravity holds stars together in groups called galaxies Alpha Centauri is the nearest star to earth Stars are fixed relative to each other and all of the stars rotate at a fixed point The planets move against the background of the stars Light travels at a constant unchanging speed of 300 000 km s A light year is the distance that light travels in one earth year about 9 5 trillion km Asteroids Force Magnetism Stars Light Galaxy Earth s moon is 1 3 light seconds away 237 000 miles The sun is 8 3 light seconds away 93 million miles Alpha Centauri is 4 3 light seconds away 40 85 trillion km Light and heat come from nuclear fusion reactions Earth is located towards the outer belt of the Milky Way Galaxy 3 The Milky Way Galaxy is 17 billion years old Andromeda is the nearest galaxy to earth This is anything that takes up space in the universe This is the amount of matter in an object The amount of mass in a given volume This is the smallest piece of matter Matter Mass Density Atom Elements Compounds Molecule Nucleus These are matter that cannot be broken down into other substances These are matter that can be broken down This is the smallest piece of a compound that has the properties of the compound The atom s center contains two types of subatomic particles neutrons and protons Neutrons are the subatomic particles that have a neutral charge and are located in the nucleus Protons are the subatomic particles that have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus Electrons are the subatomic particles that have a negative charge and surround the nucleus in a cloud This is the number of protons that are in the nucleus Each element is given an atomic number based on this Atomic Number Atomic Mass This is the sum of the number of neutrons and the number of protons A large nucleus breaks apart to form two smaller atoms Reactions when two smaller atoms come together to form a larger atom Chemical Reactions When chemical bonds break or form Fission Fusion Waves These are disturbances that transmit energy from one point to another in the form of periodic motions 4 The distance between successive waves Wavelengths Frequency The number of waves that pass a point in a given time interval The Doppler Effect The change in frequency that happens as a wave moves A red shift is if a light source moves away the
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