GLY1000 Exam 2 (Chapter 5-9)In Class Review Fall 2011- DudleyThis Study Guide Does not guarantee a Passing Grade on this Exam; I believe that all the information iscorrect however, I am not responsible if any it turns out to be false is . Good luck.i<clicker questions 1. The chemical formula for Quartz is SiO2, This means that if you analyze a piece of Quartz you willfind that…a. The Piece Contains one Silica atom for every two oxygen atoms 2. When we say a material is “Crystalline” we mean that internally atoms are distributed in an orderly and repeating arrangement? True or False?a. True3. The fundamental unit or the most common mineral class on Earth is…..a. Silicon Oxygen Tetrahedron4. What is the difference between magma and lava?a. Location, the former is molten rock underground whereas the latter is molten rock at the earth’s surface5. In which of the following tectonic settings does magma form primarily as a consequence of addition of volatiles…a. Convergent Plate boundaries6. What is the difference between soil and sediment?a. The former has been modified by leaching on an accumulation of ions and may contain organic matter which the latter may not7. Which of the following processes are considered to contribute to lithification?a. Compaction and Consolidation (removal of water and air between grains)b. Cementation by minerals precipitated from ground water8. Biochemical limestone can consist of coral mounds and/or calcite shell fragments. True/False?a. True9. Which of the following phrases correctly completes the following sentence? During metamorphosis, ____________.a. A protolith undergoes change in the solid state10. What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock?a. The former display preferred orientation and/or compositional bonding. Whereas the latter do not.11. A large cone-shaped volcano consisting of alternating layers of ash and lava is ana. Strata volcano or composite VolcanoIn-class Review SessionMinerals- naturally occurring solid, formed by geologic process, that has crystalline structure and definable chemical compositionProperties that make up a Mineral:- Naturally Occurring- Solid- Formed by Geological Process- Definable Chemical Composition- Orderly arrangement of atoms- Mostly InorganicWhy is glass not a mineral?- To be a mineral it must have a specifically ordered crystalline structure and glass does not.Polymorphs- minerals that have the composition but different crystal structure. (Meaning, same chemicals make up the mineral but they are arranged differentlyPhysical Properties used to ID Minerals:- Color- Streak Congruent Streak- Color same as mineral Incongruent Streak- Color different from mineral- Luster Metallic- Looks like metal Non-Metallic- Hardness Scratch resistance of mineral- Specific Gravity Heft, how heavy the mineral feels- Crystal Habit Shape crystal forms- Fracture Sharp Edges in all directions- Cleavage Flat, shiny surfaces described by number of planes and angles, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, are possible.What is the principle anionic group I most familiar silicate minerals?- Principle Ionic GroupOn what basis are silicate minerals further divided into distinct groups?- They are distinguished from each other by the way in which the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral that constitute them are linked*Most common, Silicon-Oxygen TetrahedronIgneous Rock- Made by the freezing of a melt (meaning Lava has cooled and frozen) *Earth is mostly Igneous RockIntrusive Igneous Rock- Cool Slowly undergroundExtrusive Igneous Rock- Cool quickly at the surfaceMagma Formation- Partial melting in Crust/upper mantle.-Melting from: Pressure Release Volatile addition Heat TransferMagma CompositionType Density Temp ViscosityFelsic Very low Very low Very high, Explosive EruptionsIntermediate low low High, Explosive EruptionsMafic high high Low, thin, hot runny ExplosionsUltramafic Very high Very high Very LowProperties of Rocks Change based on environment cooled in.Freeze Fast on surface = fine grainedCools intrusively = larger grainedWhat is the source of heat? (For earth)- Meteor Activity- Gravitational Compression- RadiationWhy are there so many types of magmas?- Due to, Initial source rock compositions (parent rocks), Partial Melting, Assimilation, and Fractional Crystallization.Viscosities- Composition of magma and lava effect the viscosityWhat forms a hot spot?- Thinning of CrustChemical Weathering- Refers to the chemical reactions that alter or destroy minerals when rock comes in contact with water solutions or airPhysical Weathering- breaks intact rock into unconnected grains or chunks, collectively called debris or detritusDoes physical and chemical weathering influence one another?- Yes, Physical Weathering speeds up Chemical Weathering, and Chemical Weathering Speeds up Physical Weathering.How do they Influence One another?- Physical weathering breaks the rocks into smaller pieces making it easier for chemical weathering to break down the grains and, chemical weathering dissolves the grains which hold the rock together making it easier for physical weathering to break it down into smaller piecesCarbon Dioxide, Carbonic Acid are chemical weathering agents.*Materials that crystalize at highest temp are the least stable, these are the ones that freeze first and are most easily weathered.Soil Horizons- O Horizon – Dark Organic Matter-rich surface layer- A Horizon - Organic and mineral matter- E Horizon – Transitional Layer Leached by organic acids- B Horizon – Organic poor mineral rich layer- C Horizon – Slightly altered bedrockSoil Forming Factors:- Climate- Amount of water and warmth- Substrate Composition- Soil Parent minerals- Topography- Soils develop best on low slopes and on North and south facing slopes- Time- Older soils are more developed- Plants, microbes, insects and animals- adds organic matters transforms organic matter, mixes soilDifferent types of Sedimentary Rock- Clastic- made from weathered Rock fragments ( Clasts) - Biochemical- Cemented shells of organisms - Organic- the carbon rich remains of plants- Chemical- Minerals that crystallize directly from waterLithification- transformation of loose sediment into solid rock.Breccia- Shattered Blocks cemented/molded togetherConglomerate- Burial and lithification of rocks to make solid mound or barBiochemical Sedimentary Rock- Organisms die and the solid material of shell turns into sediment that eventually gets
View Full Document
Unlocking...