Carrie silver Study Guide Psych 100 Anatomy of the Neuron Dendrites Receives impulses from other nerve cells Soma with the cell nucleus inside Contains the genetic instructions for the Axon Joins the soma and axon to collect the impulses before sending one Terminal Carries the cell s impulse through it s length Axon Hillock Surrounds some neurons to increase how efficiently it can carry function of the cell down the cell an impulse other neurons Schwann Cells the Myelin Sheath Spreads the cell s impulse out to reach Terminal Buttons Links up to the dendrites of the next neuron in the chain Action Potential electrical impulse Within a cell there is an electrical impulse that tells the cell to communicate with another neuron o Inside the soma you have a resting potential 70mv Getting signals that are telling you that you need to open up the gates that allow for the ions to get inside electrical charge becomes more positive o As you get more excitatory you hit the threshold and once you hit the threshold then you want to send an action potiential the electricity spikes then goes back down see graph Whats going on with ions happens initially in the ssoma Ions coming in from outside of the axon cell hit the threshold send an AP allowing for more ion channels to open electrical wave electrical impulse changes for a second and then goes back out again allowed to send the signal down the wave Ions when they go in then they get spitted backed out just changing the electrical charge o Absolute refractory signal downhill slow no matter what happens to the cell it cannot send a signal down again even if that means that ions are coming into the cell o Relative refractory period the little dip rigt there you need more of ion charge to reach the threshold period to generate an action potential you can have another action potential but its going to require more excitatory stimulus than normal What happens when the ions get to the terminal Occurs at the synapse don t actually touch each other there is a gap which is called the synaptic cleft The synapse is the overall section between the terminal and the dendrite Inside the terminal button there are vesicles that hold Ach o Send signal to the vesicles saying release your transmitters keys into the space synaptic cleft o Ach attach to the receptors site keyholes receptor tells cells to open up some ion channels o Some receptors say open ion channels excitatory other say close the ion channels inhibitory o Neurotransmitters goes back into the vesicle that he came from called reuptake Nervous System Autonomic NS Controls the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands Hindbrain Controls basic life functions like the beating of your heart and your breathing Peripheral NS Comprised autonomic and somatic systems Central NS Comprised of the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord Controls the reflex arc to remove your hand from a painful stimulus Somatic NS Comprised of sensory and motor neurons from the spinal cord to the rest of the body Parasympathetic NS Triggers the body s fight or flight systems e g increased heart rate for muscle activity dilated pupils for better vision Sympathetic NS Relaxes the body during times of rest and relaxation Absolute refractory period A time period during which it is impossible to trigger an impulse Relative refractory period A time period during which it is more difficult to trigger an impulse Post synaptic neuron Delivering an impulse to another nerve Excitatory neurons Its impulse increases the likelihood that the next neuron will send an impulse Pre synaptic neuron Receiving an impulse from another nerve Threshold The level of stimulation needed to trigger an impulse Inhibitory neurons Decreases the likelihood that the next neuron will send an impulse Structures of Brain Amygdala Center of fear and aggression responses Corpus callosum Connects the two cerebral hemispheres so they can communicate with each other Frontal Lobe Controls voluntary body movements Temporal Processes auditory information hearing and speech Occipital Lobe Processes visual information Thalamus Receives sensory information and relays it to the cortex Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature Hippocampus Responsible for basic learning and memory 35 limbic system The group of structures that controls emotions and memory Parietal Lobe The area of the brain that processes taste information Medulla oblongata Regulates heart rate breathing and blood flow Right hemispher More involved in creativity and artistic thought Left hemisphere More involved in logical thought Reticular formation Controls sleep Cerebrum The general area of the brain that contains all of the structures responsible for more complex thought intelligence and behavior Cerebral cortex The outer layer of the brain Pons A relay station for visual auditory and other sensory information Frontal Lobe Damage Trouble making decisions and regulating behavior Broca s Aphasia Trouble producing fluid speech Wernicke s Aphasia Trouble producing meaningful speech Sever the corpus collosum o Connection between the left and right part of the brain o Cut the connection between the left and right side of the brain for people with epilepsy o How do we see things If you see with your right side then it is controlled by the left side of the brain it crosses over Sensation v Perception Sensation occurs when some event whether its sound or a light is detected by receptors sin your body and an impulse is sent to the train Perception occurs when the brain receives the sensory information coming from the body organizes it and interprets it Bottom Up v Top Down Processing Bottom up processing refers to the perception that is pieced together as sensory information coming up You detect the features your brain pieces it together and you perceives a picture of an eagle Top down processing refers to the perception that is driven by cognition your brain applies what it knows and what it expects to perceive and fills in the blanks to speak Phenomic restoration Our brain fills in missing sensory information if it knows what should be there GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTION Proximity the principle of proximity or continuity states that things which are closer together will be seen as belonging together Similarity the principle of similarity states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape size color texture value or orientation will be seen as belonging together Common fate they appear to change
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