PSYCH100 Exam 3 30 questions in 30 minutes Intelligence Personality and Mental Illness INTELLIGENCE Psychological Tests Psychological tests any standardized measure of behavior Examples SAT GRE personality tests Scores are not always completely accurate because it is difficult to account for factors that impact test results Ex Lack of sleep low glucose etc o Sampling error error due to other sources Mental Ability tests o Achievement designed to measure accomplishments knowledge in particular domain how much someone has learned so far in their lives Ex College exams o Aptitude measure potential in a particular domain contain new puzzle like problems Ex SAT ACT more fair but difficult to construct and not be relative to situations other than the test itself o Hypothetical Constructs theoretical ideas that people have traits ex Depression intelligence Norms Standardization o Standardization 2 components 1 Development of norms 2 Controlled testing procedures o Norms Score on the test is not what s important relationship of other peoples scores to your score is what matters Ex Curve Can go either way percentile score is what s important IQ tests are normed to age groups Reliability the consistency of a measurement o Test Retest Reliability consistency over time o Internal Reliability Is each question measuring the same thing Do the questions have a high correlation o Interjudge reliability does scorer give similar grades Validity how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure EX Intelligence o Content Validity being tested on what you learned EX Psych tests are based on what we learned in lecture not random info Achievement tests o Criterion Validity Identifies success correctly EX Aptitude tests o Construct Validity do questions relate to all aspects of the construct being measured Does test for depression really test for depression Intelligence IQ There have been various versions of the IQ test throughout history Two approaches o Psychometric statistical study of psychological tests Factor analysis G factor Primary mental abilities Crystallized and fluid intelligence Three Stratum Model triangle that underlie intellectual ability Triarchic theory o Cognitive explore the specific info processing and cognitive processes Analytical practical creative Plan execute encode Modern IQ test IQ Intelligence Quotient a general measure of intelligence the average intelligence is 100 The raw score on an IQ test is meaningless because it is normed to age can compare the intelligence of all people o Alfred Binet Mental age IQ used to include mental age but it did not work for adults Stanford Binet tests all verbal exam o Potential V Knowledge o Reliability Validity Knowledge will not vary much throughout life span Reliability IQ test fairly high in reliability however the test is not standardized varying scores Validity IQ test does NOT have very high construct validity in measuring general intelligence because we don t have a good idea of what general intelligence is IQ scores predict an ability to do academic work People who are specialized in a specific domain may not do very well on IQ tests EX Musicians Gardner s Multiple Intelligences 8 distinct varieties of adaptive abilities 1 Linguistic 2 Logical mathematical 3 Visuospatial 4 Musical 5 Bodily kinesthetic Interpersonal 6 Intrapersonal 7 8 Naturalistic 9 Existential Emotional Intelligence involves accurately reading emotions and responding to them appropriately to motivate oneself o Vocational Success IQ is positively correlated with academic job income and even life span Nature Nurture IQ Eugenics Characteristics of a population can be manipulated through controlled breeding Eugenics now seen as evil POSITIVE APPROACH breeding characteristics you do want NEGATIVE APPROACH preventing breeding of characteristics you do not want o Enforced compulsory sterilization was once a law in the United states IQ used to choose who would be sterilized Last laws removed in the late 1960s people turned against eugenics because of Nazis Evidence pro nature GENETICS 60 OF VARIANCE o Twin studies Identical twins same genes same environment and same genes different environment Fraternal twins different genes same environment and different genes different environment More genes in common more similar IQ Identical twins have a 80 correlation in IQ Identical twins reared apart have a higher correlation than fraternal twins reared together o Parents and children Evidence pro nurture ENVIRONMENT 40 OF VARIANCE Both unshared and shared environmental factors are involved o Twin studies see above o Deprivation Socioeconomic status has a 40 correlation with IQ scores o FLYNN EFFECT people have gotten smarter over time probably due to technological advances etc o Early intervention in economically deprived children has an extreme impact in IQ scores the earlier the intervention the higher the impact Interaction of Nature Nurture both impact IQ o REACTION RANGE Genetics create a boundary or reaction range for IQ 20 25 points and your environment determines where you end up in that reaction range Racial Differences in IQ o The issue The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray a statistical analysis novel on IQ differences in black white The book was published in two versions a simple and statistical version viewed as pessimistic Flaws in analysis o On average African Americans have lower IQ scores than whites Hispanics are about equal to whites Japanese children have the highest IQ scores Asian Americans have lower verbal but higher math scores than whites o Genetics Fundamental v Biological differences Ex Dogs Species Subspecies breed Variety characteristics o Humans have one of the smallest gene pools RACES DO NOT EXIST as an actual fundamentally different subspecies of humans but there are varieties which means there can be no racial differences in IQ because there are no races Ex Aliens notice cyclists in the tour de France as superior humans because nobody else can do what they do the person in first is the one with the yellow shirt so they want to clone everyone in a yellow shirt should not stereotype IQ Ex E7 can fly ridiculous distances There are also differences in IQ of different sexes Intellectually gifted IQ of 130 or higher Mentally retarded is 70 or lower PERSONALITY Personality consistent behavioral traits displayed by an individual The consistent and relatively enduring ways of thinking feeling and acting that characterize a person s response to
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