Lecture 8 Our Information Processing System Top down Bottom up Pavlov Learning Terminology and Phobias Perception and Information Processing Outline Bottom up input from the external world stimulus driven Top down input that is already in the system data driven Two sources of information Examples Types of Processing Word superiority effect Perception of Form Gestalt Psychology Phi phenomenon Figure Ground Continuation Top down Bottom up Processing Most operations that we perform involve top down and bottom up processing Example You have knowledge expectations about Dr Murnane this is what he looks like he will walk around and say lots of bad words you know this from previous experience knowledge that is already in the system your brain Behaviorism Philosophy If you are going to have a science of psychology it must be about stimuli and responses it cannot be about mental things Gestalt psychologists were opponents of behaviorism researched perception and top down bottom up processing against a ground 2 picture pictures same stimulus different perception Camouflage works because the visual patterning of the object breaks up figure Proof in order to see any object the object must be seen as a figure Gestalt Psychology relationships Our Information Processing System ground Our info processing system imposes structure on input so that it can make sense of the information our information processing system has a drive to impose organization on input Temporal context effects in perception we have expectations about what we will see Our perception of the world is based on a need to organize and on our expectations based on what we have just seen due to previous experiences Stimuli Distal Stimulus the thing in the world Proximal Stimulus the energy that is interacting with our sensory organs Perceptual Hypothesis we use the proximal stimulus the input to make a hypothesis about what the distal stimulus is we do this by making use of the information we have stored about past experience Learning Classical Conditioning Outline Pavlov Pavlov s Life Pavlov s Dog Terminology Unconditional Stimulus UCS Unconditional Response UCR Conditioned Stimulus CS Conditioned Response CR Examples Phobias Fetishism Pavlov Pavlov was originally interested in digestion He was not so great with the social Pavlov wanted to analyze the dog s saliva So he inserted a thin glass tube into the skills he got married to a higher class woman and even though he was very famous he was very broke because he would forget to pick up his paycheck He was unique at the time because he allowed women and Jews into his lab for training saliva gland of a dog in order to collect the saliva before it interacted with the food Pavlov noticed that dogs that had been used often for the experiment began to salivate before the food had been put in their mouth However the inexperienced dogs did not begin to salivate early Thus the dogs have learned that certain activity means that they would be fed So to test this theory Pavlov added an unfamiliar object a bell Pavlov paired the bell with feeding he put food in the dogs mouth and rang the bell A stimulus is input from the external environment a response is what the organism Terminology does in response Phobia an example of CS and CR A UCS UCR pairing is one hat the organism does not have to learn The response to the UCS is hard wired Examples UCS food in mouth UCR salivate and UCS shine light in eye UCR pupil contract A CS CR pairing is one that the organism learns learns to respond a certain way to a particular stimulus Example CS bell CR salivation A CS is a previously neutral stimulus a stimulus that used to not produce a response and comes to produce a response In both examples you have the same response but the type of response depends on stimulus the A family mom dad and girl goes to visit Grandma on a frequent basis and on the way to visit Grandma they drove over a very small rickety bridge Dad scared girl by saying bridge could collapse and you and Mom could die and never see Grandma again So the girl develops a fear of the bridge as soon as she sees the bridge she starts to become afraid The father provides and UCS for a UCR the UCS is the fear inducing talk and the fear is the UCR The UCS is paired with the neutral stimulus of the bridge so the fear becomes a CR to the bridge and the bridge becomes a CS At first the bridge is a neutral stimulus it does not evoke any response in the girl
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