Learning Theory our behaviors are learned from past Define psychology study of understanding human s Affect Sociobiological Theory thoughts and behavior are genetic we Define the following theories and use each to explain an given GENERAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Behavior and Cognition behavior o behave primarily to survive and make our genes survive o experiences of punishments and rewards and we are designed to seek pleasure and avoid pain there is no planning involved just learning a child knows not to put his hand on an oven because in the past he did it and burned his hand which hurt Skinner Box o Sociocultural Theory behavior is based off of group norms in some cultures it is attractive for women to have no front teeth the norm is to stand facing the door in an elevator o attitudes expectations goals and memory BAGEM Social Cognitive Theory thoughts and behavior guided by beliefs For each research method listed in Appendix A provide the RESEARCH METHODOLOGY definition and example and explain the advantages and disadvantages of that method Naturalistic Observation researcher collects information without subjects knowledge advantages no influence on participant s behavior disadvantages not everything can be observed naturally Structured Observation researchers set up situation and observe participants behavior advantages researcher has more control disadvantages subject is aware of situation Self Report participants are asked to provide information or answer questions survey advantages inexpensive and easy to create disadvantages often a disconnect between how people actually act and how they will say they act Controlled Experiment researchers create controlled environment in which they can manipulate one variable advantages researchers sure that manipulated variable caused the difference in results disadvantage not everything can be manipulated Longitudinal study one group of subjects over a long period of time advantages track changes over time disadvantages takes a long time to reach conclusions Archival examine data already collected for different research advantages can collect large data sets in short period of time disadvantages pieces of information may be missing Cross sectional gather participants of different ages and look for differences in groups advantages can study effect of time or Identify the independent and dependent variable of an Define the term external validity results of a study or experiment experience in less time than longitudinal disadvantages cohort effect 4th graders now may have as a generation a different experience than the 6th graders did two years ago Case study collect detailed analysis of particular person or case advantages can study unusual or rare participants disadvantages what happens to one person may not generalize to another person Give a clear example of the difference between positive and negative correlations positive correlation means as one goes up the other goes up negative correlation is one goes up and the other goes down positive correlation between sleep time and doing better on tests negative correlation between alcohol consumption and sobriety levels experiment independent the variable that you manipulate dependent the variable that you measure can be generalized to other situations and the outside world your results are valid externally sampling probability sampling all elements e g persons households in the population have some opportunity of being included in the sample and the mathematical probability that any one of them will be selected can be calculated Convenience sampling subjects selected based on their availability Provide several examples of how a conceptual variable in psychology is operationalized for measurement Operationalization is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors Explain the difference between random sampling and random assignment random sampling randomly choosing people from population to be study idea is that the group will be representative of the population as a whole random assignment randomly assigning chosen members into different subgroups ideas is that all groups will be on average equal in every way Describe the difference between probability and convenience Define the term stimulus stimulus any event we can perceive Define classical conditioning and describe Pavlov s experiment BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY taste touch smell etc classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus and conditioned response Pavlov s experiment included conditioning dogs to drool at the sound of a bell by giving them food after ringing a bell so they would associate salivation with the sound of a bell Use an example like Watson s study with Little Albert or the use Explain and provide an example of how we can erase an of bees to detect explosives to define the acronyms in a classically conditioned association Little Albert experiment was shown a white fluffy rat the NS he had no reaction towards it A ring of a bell UCS naturally caused Albert to be startled UCR Eventually the fluffy rat became a CS because he associated the white fluff with a bell and he began to react to the rat with startle and fear CR UCR becomes CR NS becomes CS Define stimulus generalization and discrimination and give original examples of each generalization is generalizing a reaction to one stimulus to a whole class of stimuli Albert generalized the white fluffy rat to all things white and fluffy and actually got scared at the sight of a white Santa Claus mask Discrimination is being able to discriminate between different similar stimuli knowing not to answer any cell phone ringtone unless its yours undesired association through o Counter conditioning using classical conditioning pair a negative stimulus with a positive reward sound of thunder with a doggie treat eventually the thunder becomes a positive CS excitement for treat rather than a negative CS fear o Flooding continuously give a CS until the subject realizes that there is no real negative consequence keep playing sound of thunder until dog eventually realizes there s nothing to be scared of o subject to stimulus in increasing levels of intensity play a thunder sound very quietly and for only a second so the dog stays calm and progressively making it louder o continue give star on a paper to reinforce good work o spank a child adding pain so they will stop being bad o Negative
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