Cognition Intelligence and Memory Cognition Automatic vs Controlled Cognition Controlled cognitive processes the thought that we are aware of and take some mental effort Automatic cognitive processes the thought that happens subconsciously and without any real effort Brain has limited resources so if we are engaged in a difficult controlled process we will not have the power to do other intensive mental tasks because one task interferes with another but you would be able to carry our several automatic processes because those do not require any mental resources Cognitive load the extent to which our mind is engaged in controlled processing Stroop Effect how controlled and automatic processes operate at the same time Motivation determines allocation The importance of information determines what proportion of your available resources will be consumed about it Cocktail party effect in a crowded room of conversation and you are engaged in your own but you hear someone say your name in their conversation Your brain subconsciously eavesdrops on the information around you If someone is talking about you it may be important enough to shift your resources to that conversation Heuristics Heuristics Mental shortcuts that help us make decisions quickly and with minimal cognitive effort Availability Heuristics the easier it is to think of instances of something the more often that thing occurs Base things off of our accessible information Representativeness Heuristic judgements about which category something belongs in or which category does this instance best represent Confirmation Bias we look for information that supports what we already believe to be true so if we agree its a fact We repeat behaviors we believe are true Metacognition I think therefore I am being aware of your own thoughts Comparative Cognition Study of through processes among various species and their complex thought levels Intelligence General Intelligence Is such thing as an overall level of general intelligence even though the individual items of an IQ test measure different forms of reasoning Multiple Forms of Intelligence Linguistic intelligence a sensitivity to the meaning and order of words Logical mathematical intelligence ability in mathematics and other complex logical systems Musical intelligence the ability to understand and create music Musicians composers and dancers show a heightened musical intelligence Spatial intelligence the ability to think in pictures to perceive the visual world accurately and recreate or alter it in the mind or on paper Spatial intelligence is highly developed in artists architects designers and sculptors Bodily kinesthetic intelligence the ability to use one s body in a skilled way for self expression or toward a goal Mimes dancers basketball players and actors are among those who display bodily kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence an ability to perceive and understand other individuals their moods desires and motivations Political and religious leaders skilled parents and teachers and therapists use this intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence an understanding of one s own emotions Some novelists and or counselors use their own experience to guide others Naturalist Intelligence the ability to recognize and classify plants minerals and animals including rocks and grass and all variety of flora and fauna The ability to recognize cultural artifacts Emotional Intelligence The ability to recognize your emotions understand what they are telling you and realize how they affect the people around you Characteristics Self awareness understand their emotions and they do not let their feelings rule them Take an honest look at themselves Self regulation the ability to control emotions and impulses Motivation willing to deter immediate results for a later outcome Empathy ability to identify with the wants and needs of those around you Social skills team player meaning they focus on helping others develop Problem Solving The more able you are to analyze the situation develop and test possible solutions and apply what you learn to new problems the more fit you are to survive Memory Encode Store and Retrieval Encoding the process we use to transform information so that it can be stored Maintenance rehearsal repeat things over and over Elaborative Rehearsal forming associations with other meaningful things The more associations you form when you encode the information the more likely you are to encode store and retrieve the information later Storage holding the information Retrieval bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding Declarative memories specific facts you can consciously recall Semantic Memories discrete facts Episodic Memories specific events Procedural Memories a sequence of cognitive behavioral actions that are stored in a more subconscious form Primacy effect remember the first items Recency effect remember the last items on the list Sensory Short Term and Long Term Memory Sensory Iconic all the visual information Connect images into a sequence Echoic auditory information Connect words into sequences Short Term sensory information relevant to us at the moment is stored here Long Term all other memories saved for later Millers Magic Number number of items that can be stored in short term memory 5 9 magic 7 State Dependent Memory if you experience an event in one physiological state your memory for the event is likely to be impaired if you later try to remember it in another physiological state Scripts Schemas and Stereotypes Scripts behavioral patterns that are stored so things are familiar to you Schemas groups of information that are linked together because they are somehow related Stereotypes set of beliefs that we have about a particular social group Priming A stimulus that activates a related concept in your long term memory Effective Learning Chunking grouping things together into meaningful units to encode and store it Elaborate additional associations to the facts Encode how you Recall study the way you will be tested because it is easier to recall information when we are in the same state we learned it in Recall not Recognition be able to answer the question not recognize the answer Forgetting and Amnesia Decay it is possible that the information has dissolved over time and is lost forever Much like the information in our sensory information decays rapidly information we don t access frequently might be lost permanently Interference
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