Review for Exam #1 Realize that this Review sheet is NOT INCLUSIVE – This is just to give you some ideas of things that you need to focus your studying on but it is no guarantee of what will be on the exam. Thanks to the students who sent in photos so I could include some in the review!! Lab #1: The Discovery Process • Understand and be able to describe the parts of the Scientific Method / how it works o What is a Hypothesis o What is a null hypothesis o What is the independent variable o What is the dependent variable o What are replicates and why are they important o When you analyze your data can you prove your hypothesis • What are the main parts of the Cell Theory? For the images above. What are the two types of Microscopes and when they are used? o Know the parts of the microscopes and their functions o Know how to determine magnification for a compound microscope What do these terms mean? Field of view Depth of Field ResolutionLab #2 – Properties of Water • What is a polar molecule? • What type of bond holds two water molecules together? • What type of bond holds the Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms within a molecule of water together? • Why does ice float? • Why does salt dissolve in water but oil does not? • What is Chromotography and how does it separate the components of a mixture/ solution? • Understand the pH scale o Acidic solutions are ________ pH range o Neutral solutions are ________pH o Basic or Alkaline solutions are _______ pH range • Know how to measure pH? o What methods are quantitative o What methods are qualitative Given the information below, be able to calculate both [H+] and [OH-] concentrations for a solution as well as pH and pOH of the solutions ! [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 ! Use to calculate concentrations of H+ or OH- ions ! pH + pOH = 14 ! Use to calculate pH and pOH For each of images above o What is the method depicted for determining pH o Is this method quantitative or Qualitative? o What method is missing from the images?• Understand how particles are transported across a membrane • Define these terms and be able to differentiate between them o Diffusion o Passive transport o Facilitated diffusion o Active Transport o Osmosis o Hypertonic solution o Hypotonic solution o Isotonic solution " If you are given solutions and a semi permeable membrane, be able to determine the direction of movement for each molecule in the system. Lab #3 – Biomolecules • What is a functional group? • What are the functional groups we looked at in lab ? For the images above What are these groups of atoms called? What is the name for each specific group? In what type of macromolecules are each of these found ? • What is a monomer? • What is a polymer? • What are the four key functions of saccharides (carbohydrates)? • What functional group defines a reducing sugar? • What type of monomers make up disaccharides and starches? • How do starches differ from disaccharides? • What is dehydration synthesis? • What is a condensation reaction? • What does Lugol’s solution test for? What color shows a positive test? • What does benedict’s solution test for? What colors show a positive test? • What are some of the major functions of proteins? • What type of monomers make up proteins? • What kind of functional groups do these monomers have? • What does ninhydrin test for? What colors show a positive test? • Why did we add collidine to our ninhydrin experiments? • What does Biuret’s reagent test for? What colors show a positive test?• What are the monomers in a triglyceride? • What class of lipid stores more energy than any other kind of biomolecule? • What is the difference between an oil and a fat? • what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids? • What does Sudan IV test for? How do you know the test is positive? For the images above What are the molecules? What main group of macromolecules do they make up? For the images above – • What are the tonicities of the solutions? • Which direction are the solutes moving? Why? • Which direction is the water moving? Why? • Which solutes are unable to move? WhyFor the Images above What test is each of these identifying? What is a positive / negative test? Lab #4 – Enzymes • Make sure that you understand how to use a spectrophotometer ( protocol in lab and in ppt) • What is the relationship between absorbance and % Transmittance? • What is a blank. Why do we use it? • What are most proteins made of? • Be able to explain how enzymes work to speed up a reaction ( look back at the lab and the ppt) • Be able to interpret data from enzyme reaction experiments o What color is the benzoquinone that is produced o What tubes produced the most benzoquinone? Why? o Which pH was the best pH? Why? Is this the same for all enzymes? o Which temperature was the best? Why? Is this the same for all enzymes? o How did changing the Substrate Concentration affect the reaction o How did changing the Enzyme concentration affect the reaction • Be able to explain how these 4 factors affect the rate of a reaction in general o pH o Temperature o Substrate Concentration o Enzyme concentration Biuret’sNinhydrinLipids• Define Denature - when or how does this happen? • What is inhibition? o What are the different types of inhibition For the image above • Which test tube had the most product formed? Lab #5 – Cells ! What are some of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? ! What are some of the differences between plant and animal cells? ! What are some of the arguments supporting the bacterial origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? ! What are the three basic shapes of bacteria / the Morphology? ! What did each of the stains we used in the Gram staining process do?For the images above o Identify as Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic o Identify as Plant or Animal o Identify organelles found in cells For the images above Identfy the images as o Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes o Gram + or Gram -, o Morphology ( Spirillum, Bacillus, or Coccus?) What does this plate show?Lab #6 – Cellular Respiration • Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? o What goes in to glycolysis o What are
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