Ch. 10- In photosynthesis: strip off water and use it to make a certain shuttle. And the energy is used to fix the carbon dioxide in the environment. - Oxygen we breathe comes from the breaking of water molecules- Algae used for many things. Fat molecules used for oil/biodiesel. Humans use energysingle part by one way or another. - Photosynthesis happens in chlorophyll. Know the parts of the chlorophyll.- Oxidative phosphorylation: combination of ETC and chemiosmosis (when you createa proton gradient). In Photophosphorylation: same thing but energy is coming from light. - Chlorophyll absorbs red, blue and yellow. Doesn’t absorb green spectrum (its reflected back). For photosynthesis reaction to occur, what gets absorbed is more important. - Action spectrum follows your absorbance spectrum. It tells you how many/fast the wavelengths are.- Every time a light/photon hits a pigment molecule, they hit the gram state and get excited and then fall back down. While its falling back down sometimes the energy can be released as heat, photon (fluorescence). The chlorophyll captures this energy and transfers it to another pigment beside it; this is called Resonance transfer. The orbitals that are closer to the nucleus have low energy state (gram state) the further away the electrons are they have high energy.- Photosynthesis: light reaction and synthesis part.- Photosystems: within the protein complex/photosystem, you have several pigment molecules (light harvesting center and in the center is the reaction center) in the reaction center are the chlorophyll a molecules (P680 or P700). You have the photonand the primary electron acceptor in the middle. Once a photon hits a pigment molecules, the electron gets excited and goes from closer to the orbital to the outside, when it falls down, it releases energy that is absorbed by another pigment molecule that excites another electron. This is called Resonance transfer until it reaches P680 or P700. When it comes to the center that is where that electron is lost. - During light reactions: 2 diff routes -> linear and cyclic.- Linear electron flow: 2 photosystems and produce ATP and NADPH. The electron is lost to the primary acceptor; the lost electron needs to be filled to go to the next photosystem. P680 becomes oxidized to P680+ and rips electron from the water molecule splitting. (ALL OF THIS IS IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE)- Every time electron is lost, it’s replaced by water splitting. 1st water is split in Photosystem 2.- NADPH is produced in the stroma and the ATP is moved to the Calvin cycle. Since thehydrogen ion concentration is higher in the thylakoid space, it has low pH. THIS WASTHE LINEAR ELECTRON FLOW. - In the cyclic flow: the photons generating resonance transfer goes to primacy acceptor, from Fb it circles back to cytochrome complex and keeps going in the cyclicform. It only produces ATP and no NADPH is being made. This is when cell requires more and more ATP production. - Its called photo protective because it prevents the protons from destroying the entire cell. - You need 4 protons to make 1.5 ATP. For removing entire oxygen atom it will need 8 photons. - P680 chlorophyll pigment. For photosynthesis to occur, you need light to be absorbed (all colors except green and yellow are absorbed). - ATP and NADPH are products of light reactions. They’re made in the stroma so they can become reactants for your next cycle, synthesis (Calvin cycle). - Calvin cycle use the ATP and NADPH to reduce C02 to sugar. - Actual product of photosynthesis: 3 carbons. The rest of the 15 are recycled to regenerate starting point. - RuBP is not specific to what it binds to. 3-phosphoglycerate is the first product of theCalvin cycle.- Phase 2: reduction. When it comes to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, it reduces it to G3P (aldehyde). There’s 6 G3P made but only 1 comes out and 5 of them are recycled. This is a energy consuming reaction. - How many ATP and NADPH were used in cycle to make 1 G3P (sugar molecule) in the output? 9 ATP and 6 NADPH. So for one glucose you multiply the products by 2!!!- Al of this is occurring in the mesophyll cells! (The adaptations).- C3 more convenient because Ru can keep binding to it, the temperature is still increasing so the stroma might still be closed so not an easy
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