Ch. 12- In prokaryote, the unicellular organisms divide to reproduce (they’re not growing by dividing). - Chromosomes=DNA molecule. Proteins=histone and along with DNA is calledchromatin.- Binary fission: make identical copy of themselves. It has to duplicate everything in that cell (genetic info is the main thing because DNA is passed on to the next generation). DNA is circular, not linear. - FtsZ forms the septum that splits the 2 cells eventually.- Aster: ray of tiny little microtubules - Spindle includes: microtubules, centrosome and aster. - Mitosis: means nuclear division.- Interphase: preparing, making all organelles it requires, growing, making proteins necessary to start cell division. S phase is just for DNA duplication- Mitotic phase is divided into 5 phases. KNOW THEM ALL AND WHAT HAPPENS. - Anaphase: pull 2 chromatids apart.- Chromosomes are being moved by kinetochore (tubulin is the protein helpinghere). - Actin and mitocin contraction is what causes the cleavage. - Eukaryotes: actin like protein splits- Prokaryotes: tubulin like - Animal cell: outside in, plant cell: inside out- Telophase; most of the nucleus is actually separating- Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm splits - Anaphase: 46 chromosomes- Telophase and cytokinesis: 46 in one cell and 46 in another. - Chromatid: together chromatin: separate - 7 different regulation points! - Metaphase: important or else have unequal division of chromosomes and the M point checkpoint happens here.- For protein kinase to be active, they need to depend on the amount of cyclin collected in the cell. When protein kinase is inactive, it doesn’t bind to cyclin part. It phosphorylates when it’s binded.- Mitotic phase wont go on until MPF comes in.- Concentration varies across phases. MPF binds to cyclin (they’re both directlyrelated)- S phase to G2 phase is where cyclin starts to accumulate. Once anaphase is done, cyclin starts degrading and Cdk becomes inactive (cyclin synthesis starts all over again). - Platelet derived growth factors bind to RTKs- For some cells to divide, they have to anchor to the extracellular matrix or a cellular part of a cell. This is known as anchorage dependence- Cancer cells: no anchorage dependence, wild ones on lose. - Breast cancer: increased RTKs, plasma cellular. Increased estrogen: hydrophobic receptor, intracellular receptor Ch 13. Cell life - Egg and sperm are haploid (n) diploid (2n)- Haploid go into fertilization to form a diploid- Mitosis: growth and development- Only diploid go through meiosis because you have to bring it down to half at the end and you can’t have half a chromosome in haploid meiosis. - In mammals, only gametes are haploid- We’re not haploid multicellular organism. This is not possible- Sporophyte goes through meiosis and produce spores. These spores are carried away and can take most of the harsh conditions the plant cant. - Sister chromosomes separate in mitosis and homologous chromosomes separate in
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