1 For which nutrients does the RDA AI increase during pregnancy For which nutrients does the RDA AI remain unchanged as compared to a healthy nonpregnant individual within the same age and gender group Increase Protein by 25g day Carbs have more than 175g day fiber essential fatty acids linoleic linolenic acid polysaturated fats in nuts oils whole grainsNo change Total fat intake however fat requirements change 2 What are the components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy baby 7 5lbamniotic fluid 2lbplacenta 1 5lbuterus 2lbbreasts 2lbbody fluids4lbblood 4lbmaternal stores of fat protein other nutr 7lb 3 Describe the negative impact of the following during pregnancy caffeine alcohol and smoking Condition in infant caused by maternal alcohol consumption Fetal alcohol syndrome FAS is Characterized by growth retardation facial abnormalities and central nervous system CNS dysfunction S miscarriages preterm delivery low birth weight May impair blood flow to developing fetus decreased nutrient and O2 delivery caffiene rumored to have birth defects preterm delivery reduced fertility 4 Identify food borne illnesses of greatest concern during pregnancy List specific foods typically associated with each of these food borne illnesses Listeria found in uncooked meals veggies unpasteurized milk ready to eat food hot dogs and deli meats Toxoplasma parasite found in undercooked meats and cat litter 5 What are the benefits of breast feeding for the mother lose weight faster build stronger bonds with baby decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancer saves money by not buying formula 6 How does the composition of breast milk differ from the composition of infant formula Human milk higher kcal lower protein higher total fat lower iron lower vit A lower vit D lower folic acid contains Alpha lactalbumin lactoferrin and Iga which formula doesn t contain at all These provide important immune functions 7 What is colostrum the milk secreted by the mother for a few days after childbirth 8 Describe the recommendations for feeding an infant during the first year of life Exclusively breast feed for first 6 months Continued supplemental breast feeding for up to 1 year No additional benefit to infant beyond 1 year of age Solid foods should be offered along with breast milk after 6 months of age Slowly solids become the main food source 9 Describe the expected rate of growth for infants double in birth weight by 4 6 months triple in birth weight by 12 months 10 Identify foods that may be choking hazards for infants Nuts whole grapes popcorn hot dog pieces any large chunks of food that must be thoroughly chewed carrots celery apple small candies cherries and some dried fruits 11 Identify nutrients of concern for infants Nutrients identified as problematic for breast fed infants after 6 months of age Iron zinc vitamin A and vitamin B6 Nutrients not as great a concern for formula fed babies Due to fortification of formulas 1 Describe the rate of growth of children rate of growth in toddler years is rapid and then slows until puberty 2 How do calorie requirements during childhood change in terms of calorie per kg per day and total calories per day Calorie and protein needs increase per kg body weight per day in initial years of childhood and decrease as child ages Total calories and protein needs overall increase Due to increased body weight 3 Describe recommendations for getting a child to try new foods Factors that influence acceptance of new food Color flavor texture temperature serving size Attitude of server preparer 4 Describe iron deficiency anemia in children Those at greatest risk Children in low income families Iron deficiency results in less oxygen being carried to brain and other tissues Influence on mood and attention span May impair learning a Which group of children is at greatest risk for iron deficiency children in low income families b Identify good sources of iron for children lean meat Peanut butter fortified breakfast cereals and grains apricots 5 Describe lead toxicity and why it is a health concern for children Lead toxicity is another cause of anemia Inhibits iron absorption Inhibits enzyme needed to synthesize hemoglobin Sources of lead Paint in older homes Lead pipes in plumbing Possibly some imported eating utensils and toys Developing brain is sensitive to even low levels of lead Early lead exposure lifelong learning disabilities 6 List causes of obesity in childhood and adolescence Physical inactivity More time with video games TV and computers Screen time Larger portion sizes Food advertising directed to children Supersize meals Widespread availability of food Use of food as a reward 7 Describe how overweight and obesity is classified and determined in children and adolescents BMI for age growth chart Calculate BMI for child Plot on growth chart for BMI for age Done for ages 2 to 20 years Compare to national standard 85th to less than 95th percentile Overweight 95th percentile or greater Obese Less than 5th percentile Underweight 8 Describe the changes in growth that occur during adolescence growth spurts girls 10 11yrs old boys 12 13yrs old time of growth spurt dependent on adolescent attaining certain critical weight 9 What is the impact of calcium and iron on growth and development during adolescence ironGirls are particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia during adolescence Why Blood loss during regular menstrual cycles Adolescent girls may consume less meat Often diet for weight loss calcium bone health supplements can help achieve greater bone mass Inadequate amount osteoporosis 10 Identify poor eating habits commonly seen in teens and associated health consequences Common poor food habits Skipping meals Inadequate consumption of calcium rich foods Increased risk of osteoporosis Nutrient poor food selection away from home excess calorie consumption can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes Dieting due to body image issues can lead to anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa Alcohol use B vitamin deficiency 11 List social psychological and physiological aspects of aging and the impact each can have on nutrition Living alone dont wannacook Depression Overeat undereating Anxiety smaller digestive secretions Economic constraints purchase less lean meats fish fresh produce 12 Identify the most likely causes of anemia in the elderly In older adults particularly postmenopausal women iron requirements decrease Anemia is usually due to causes other than iron deficiency Gastric ulcers