Chapter 13 Nutrition Wednesday November 18 2015 4 26 PM 11 23 A a b a a Which of the following best describes an infant s rate of growth during the first year They should gain 50 of their birth weight by 6 months then double their birth weight by 12 months They should double their birth weight by 12 months They should double their birthweight by 6 months triple their birthweight by 12 months They should triple their birth weight by 6 months Nutrition During Childhood A Childhood typically referred to the time between second birthday and puberty a Toddlers are ages 12 24 months Discuss the rate of growth of children o Rate of during toddler years is rapid then slows until puberty o Nutrient needs elevated to support growth and maintenance o During childhood the development of eating habits and nutrition practices typically has profound and lifelong consequences Rate for Growth During Childhood Rapid Development Change in Childhood o Parents and guardians of children may experience some challenges with getting children to eat o One example children may choose to only eat one type of food for a while and then switch to another food preference a Food jags stuck on eating one food o Actual amount children consumed may vary a Normally consume more food when they are in a growth phase b Decrease their food intake when the growth phase slows or ceases The Nutritional Needs and Eating Habits Discuss how calorie requirements during childhood change both in calorie per kg per day and calorie per day o A child s need for calories depends on body size activity level and growth rate a Adequate calories and protein support growth A lack of calories will slow the growth of a child eventually stop growing in height b The number of calories and protein needed per kilogram of weight per day is greater in childhood and decreases as the child ages Total calories and protein needs overall increases Due to increased body weight Energy and Protein Recommendations for Active Children Compared to Adults Energy Needs Boys Girls Age kcal kg day kcal day kcal kg day Kcal day 2 3 87 1 046 83 992 4 8 87 1 742 82 1 642 Adult 44 3 067 42 2 403 Protein Needs Boys Girls Age g kg day g day g kg day g day 2 3 1 05 13 0 95 19 4 8 0 95 19 0 95 19 Adult 0 8 56 0 8 46 What Children Like to Eat and Why o It is advisable to allow children to play a more active role in meal planning and perhaps even in meal preparation a Allow older children to make more choices while maintaining guidance Describe the recommendations for getting a child to try a new food o a b Children may be afraid to try something new May need to offer new foods 8 to 10 times before they will accept them What might help with food acceptance Color flavor texture temperature serving size Even the attitude of the server preparer and the atmosphere in which the food is presented Snacking o Snacks are okay if well chosen because frequent eating at these ages is essential for proper growth and development a Research has demonstrated that frequent smaller meals are used in the body so as to limit formation of fat tissue b May help prevent overweight children o Fruit juice should be limited because many children like the sweet taste and tend to over consume it a When fruit juice is consumed 100 percent fruit juice is preferable Iron Deficiency Anemia Identify children at risk for iron deficiency anemia o Iron deficiency anemia is often a problem among children Those at greatest risk a Low income families Describe the impact of iron deficiency anemia in childhood o Iron deficiency results in less oxygen is being carried to tissues including the brain a May influence one s mood and attention span b This may impair learning List good sources of iron for children o Good sources of iron include a Lean meat peanut butter fortified cereals and grains apricots o Iron toxicity can also be an issue a Iron toxicity is a leading cause of poisoning among children under age 6 Lead Toxicity Discuss the nutritional consequence of lead toxicity o Another cause of anemia is lead toxicity a Lead inhibits the absorption of iron b Also strongly inhibits an enzyme that helps in the synthesis of hemoglobin Discuss the source of lead o Lead found in a Paint in older homes b Lead pipes in plumbing c Possibly some imported eating utensils and toys o The developing brain is very sensitive to even the lowest levels of lead a Early exposure can lead to lifelong learning disabilities Obesity and Overweight o The incidence in the United States has more than tripled since the early 1960s when only 5 percent of children were considered overweight or obese to nearly a third of American kids and teens List causes of obesity in childhood and adolescence o A few causes of obesity include a Physical inactivity b More time with video games television Screen time c Large portion sizes encourages overconsumption of calories d Saturation of food advertising directed to children Supersize meals e Vending machines in the school system f Widespread availability of food g The use of food as a reward to motivate positive behaviors Obesity and Overweight Discuss how overweight and obesity is determined in children and adolescence o How is obesity measured in children a BMI for age growth chart Calculate BMI for child Plot on growth chart for BMI for age Done for ages 2 to 20 years Compare to national standard BMI for Age o 85th to less than 95th percentile a Overweight o 95th percentile or greater a Obese o Less than 5th percentile a Underweight Learning objectives referring to percentile rankings Dental Decay o Fluoridation of water has remained a controversial issue in some locales due to the fact that fluoride toxicity can weaken bones and can lead to fluorosis Discuss the role of sweet sticky foods in the development of tooth decay o Besides fluoridation other ways to prevent tooth decay a Avoid sweet sticky foods Allows bacteria to attach to tooth Acid from bacteria eat away tooth enamel b Practice good oral hygiene Food Allergies o Definition of food allergy a Condition in which the body produces antibodies b Against particular proteins in food c Physical symptoms result Identify symptoms of food allergies o Physical symptoms may include a Skin rashes b Intestinal upset diarrhea and vomiting c Difficulty in breathing d May occur immediately or up to 24 hours after exposure o Reaction can be severe For example some people who are allergic to peanuts can experience breathing difficulties and