Chapter 12 Pregnancy Wednesday November 11 2015 4 56 PM 11 16 A o o o o o All are potential causes of anemia except Inadequate iron intake Inadequate vitamin B6 intake Excess intake of folic acid All the above Chapter 12 Pregnancy Breastfeeding and Infant Feeding Pregnancy A healthy pregnancy starts before a woman even becomes pregnant For example being either overweight or underweight can o Reduce a woman s chance of conceiving o Reduces the chance of fathering a child for men Ensuring a healthy outcome for the developing child involves both the mother and the father and can include the entire family According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC the infant mortality rate in the United States was 6 17 deaths per 1 000 births in 2014 o Infant mortality rate Although the United States observed a 99 percent reduction in maternal deaths during the 20th century 29 developed nations still had lower maternal mortality rates than the United States Infant Mortality Rates in Developed Nations Nutrition During Preconception Nutrition and overall health are important for all stages of pregnancy including the time when a couple is trying to conceive a child Both women s and men s fertility relies on several different factors ranging from genetics to the environment to lifestyle including nutritional choices o Lifestyle is the most easily changeable Effects of Lifestyle and Pregnancy for Women List and discuss the negative consequences to fertility for women due to inappropriate nutrition and lifestyle Several nutritionally related factors can negatively impact a woman s fertility o Undernutrition Changes in hormone levels such as estrogen can result in the loss of the menstrual cycle Reduced fertility more likely with acute undernutrition o Extreme levels of exercise and eating disorders such as bulimia purging can be excessive exercising and anorexia nervosa lose weight rapidly Can result in the loss of the menstrual cycle Due to caloric deficit Effects of Lifestyle and Pregnancy for Women List and discuss the negative consequences to fertility for women due to inappropriate nutrition and lifestyle Obesity and being overweight o Higher hormone levels result in irregular menstrual cycles o Increased risk for polycystic ovary syndrome A condition where a hard coating forms over the outer layer of the ovaries Prevents eggs from being released Other proposed theories for reduced female fertility o High fiber diets o High caffeine diets o Vegetarian diets Effects of Lifestyle and Pregnancy for Men List and discuss the negative consequences to fertility for men due to inappropriate nutrition and lifestyle Factors that negatively impact a man s fertility o Undernutrition Reduces sperm count and motility Sperm maturation o Obesity Testosterone is lower while estrogen is increased This reduces sperm production Fertility in men is also influenced by zinc and antioxidant status o Zinc is required for sperm cell production o Inadequate zinc intake reduces sperm count Antioxidants Inadequate consumption may reduce fertility Stages of Pregnancy Full term pregnancy lasts for 38 42 weeks Divided into three stages of about 13 weeks each o Trimesters These stages mark different phases of development for the fetus and therefore may be associated with different health implications and different physical sensations for the woman First Trimester Weeks 1 13 Discuss the stages of pregnancy and highlight specific growth and development at each trimester The first trimester is when the sperm fertilizes the egg and rapid development occurs o Development of an embryo up to 8 weeks After about 8 weeks of growth organs are formed o Embryo becomes a fetus List the functions of the placenta After the first weeks of pregnancy an organ develops as a connection between the mother s and fetus s blood vessels o Placenta organ that is highly vascularized o Delivers nutrients and oxygen to fetus o Means of eliminating waste products First Stages of Pregnancy Critical Periods of Fetal Development Second Trimester Weeks 14 27 Discuss the stages of pregnancy and highlight specific growth and development at each trimester During the entire second trimester a fetus gains only about 1 kg roughly 2 lb The mother usually begins gaining about 0 5 kg about a pound per week at this point o By the end of the second trimester she weighs roughly 7 kg 16 lb more than her prepregnancy weight Source of weight gain o 30 percent increase in blood volume Third Trimester Week 28 to Birth Discuss the stages of pregnancy and highlight specific growth and development at each trimester The third trimester fully equips the fetus for survival outside the womb Growth and development is dramatic for the fetus during this period Toward the end of pregnancy the fetus gains about 250 g about half a pound per week so that the baby is typically born weighing 3 4 kg 7 9 lb Identify critical periods of fetal development and relate these periods to birth defects Fetal development includes o Skin o Lungs o Suck and swallow reflex mature o Vital fat and nutrient stores By the end of pregnancy a woman will typically have gained 11 16 kg over her prepregnancy weight o This is 25 35 lb Weight Gain During Pregnancy Pregnant women are frequently concerned about gaining too much weight Not all weight gain during pregnancy is fat Expected weight gains should be individualized and is dependent on a woman s weight before pregnancy Describe the appropriate weight gain during pregnancy based on prepregnancy weight Current recommendations suggest that a woman who is of a healthy weight before pregnancy should gain 25 35 lb o Overweight should gain less KNOW that it is less than healthy woman o Underweight should gain more Only 10 40 of women in the U S gain the recommended amount of weight Composition of Maternal Weight Gain During Pregnancy List the components of weight gain during pregnancy If a woman is overweight or obese before becoming pregnant her weight goal during the pregnancy is o To gain more weight than a woman who was at a normal weight o To gain the same amount of weight as a woman who was at a normal weight prior to pregnancy o To gain less weight than a woman who was Weight gain during pregnancy is related to all of the following components except one Which is NOT associated with weight gain during pregnancy o Increased blood volume o Maternal fat deposit o Increased bone density a Placenta Low Birthweight Newborns An undernourished mother is