Chapter 10 Minerals Monday November 9 2015 3 31 PM Chapter 10 Minerals Mineral Refers to Mining Minerals are inorganic nutrients that are essential components in the diet Minerals are classified based on their content in the body and recommended level of dietary intake Name the differences between macrominerals and microminerals The macrominerals are found in greater amounts in the body and each contributes a total mass of about 5 g about a teaspoon Recommended intake of at least 100 mg per day Calcium phosphorus potassium sulfur sodium chloride magnesium Each micromineral or trace minerals contributes less than 5 g to your body weight Recommended intake less than 100 mg per day Iron magnesium copper iodine Calcium is found greatest amount in the body Minerals in the Human Body Iron Mg Cu Iodine crucial for the body Calcium List the functions of calcium in the body Most abundant mineral in the body majority of body s weight is water 99 of calcium is found in the skeleton or bones and teeth 1 found in blood and surround fluid crucial for function in the body Muscle contraction and nerve transmission o o Blood levels of calcium regulated by Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone May be released from bone Calcium in the bone is constantly being placed in the bone and released to the blood from the bone Bone may be sacrificed with blood calcium levels are low Calcium in Bone o Nutrients and information are delivered to bone via blood vessels and nerves in a complex network of canals Calcium in Bone o o A critical role for calcium is the building and maintenance of bone Other nutrients contribute Bone is composed of The connective tissue collagen Protein collagen acts as framework Vitamin C needed for collagen synthesis Minerals in bone Primarily calcium and phosphorous Magnesium as well Calcium makes up a crystal in bone called hydroxyapatite that gives the bone its strength Sodium phosphorus and fluoride are also part of this crystal Rec Fluoride plays a role in making teeth and bones harder Calcium in Muscle and Nerve Cells o Less than 1 of calcium in muscle and nerve cells o Function of calcium in the blood Muscle contraction Calcium enters the cells to initiate the contraction In nerve cells calcium is critical in allowing the release of neurotransmitters for conduction of nerve impulses Calcium also regulates the levels of sodium and potassium ions across the nerve membrane Therefore role in nerve conduction o Adequate calcium intake is essential in the prevention of several diseases Osteoporosis preeclampsia Calcium and Vitamin D in Bone Health o Bone exists in a constant state of remodeling or turnover meaning that bone is always being simultaneously broken down and rebuilt This process allows bone to adapt to physical stress injury growth and nutritional changes o When bone loss begins to exceed bone gain or maintenance the bone may begin to lose its structure and density Bone becomes fragile and easily fractured Osteoporosis condition related to poor bone density increased risk of fractures Osteoporosis o Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone diseases in Western countries Although more prevalent in people over 50 can occur as early as your 20s No cure List the risk factors for osteoporosis o To prevent osteoporosis both men and women should acquire as much bone mass as possible during youth and adolescence Dietary intake plays a role in this Calcium Vitamin D We have a harder time of getting adequate amount o Other risk factors Older age menopause for women Tobacco use Excess alcohol intake Being Caucasian Small body frame size Help maintain bone health physical activity weight bearing exercise Lose more bone density more cracks Rec Calcium s Role in Metabolism List the functions of calcium in the body o Calcium plays an important role in Hormone regulation o The impact of a hormone on a cell can be mediated or diminished through the hormone s effect on cell calcium levels a process referred to as a second messenger role o Calcium can enter a cell and bind to a calcium binding protein that activates enzymes in cells Calcium s Role in Blood Clotting List the functions of calcium in the body o Calcium like Vitamin K is central to Blood clotting o Calcium is needed to convert the protein prothrombin into thrombin o Thrombin is an enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin Calcium and Blood Pressure o Calcium can have a protective effect against hypertension Identify the symptoms of pre eclampsia o Years ago it was discovered that some women suffered from a serious condition during pregnancy called toxemia of pregnancy or Pre eclampsia Characterized by headache fatigue Also protein in the urine and high blood pressure Elevated blood pressure Edema Can lead to eclampsia can progress to seizures List the risk factors for pre eclampsia o Those at risk Women who are overweight Teenagers who are pregnant have increase of nutrient needs anyway Possibly low calcium status When women with pre eclampsia increased their calcium intake from dairy products or supplements blood pressure declined Strong connection between calcium and pre eclampsia eclampsia Calcium Absorption and Blood Levels Discuss how blood calcium levels are regulated in the body o Blood levels of calcium are tightly regulated within a narrow range by various hormones and mechanisms Particularly calcium levels are regulated by a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands located next to the thyroid gland in the neck Parathyroid hormone PTH parathyroid gland activates vitamin D enhance absorption of calcium o When calcium levels in blood are low PTH release increases Triggers conversion of vitamin D to active form Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in intestine Both increased calcium resorption in the kidneys PTH release calcium from the bone LEARNING OBJECTIVE know how rec Dietary Factors and Absorption o Dietary factors can decrease the absorption of calcium as well as other minerals in the diet o Some plant based foods contain a compound called Phytate found in plant based foods reduce ability to be absorbed Binds certain minerals making them unavailable to cells Calcium Zinc Iron o Another compound with negative charges that binds calcium and other minerals that have positive charges limiting their absorption Oxalate Found in tea chocolate also high in spinach Other factors that increase calcium absorption o Spreading your calcium intake more evenly throughout the day o The presence of the milk sugar lactose in the