Chapter 1 Nutrition Everyday Choices 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chapter 1 Learning Define the following terms nutrition essential nutrient fortification Objectives enrichment phytochemical zoochemicals malnutrition nutrigenomics Name a source of phytochemicals and zoochemicals in the diet List the six classes of nutrients and identify which are energyyielding nutrients Identify the 3 functions of nutrients in the body and identify which essential nutrients performs each function Explain ways in which nutrient intake can effect health in both the short term and the long term Discuss the differences between undernutrition and overnutrition and identify which is the most common problem in developed countries such as the United States Identify examples of undernutrition and overnutrition Of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States list the 4 that are related to nutrition Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 2 Chapter 1 Learning Discuss the relationship between genetics and environment on the Objectives risk of developing certain chronic disease 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Discuss the principle of eating a healthy diet 3 components Explain why it is important to eat a variety of foods Discuss the difference between energy dense and nutrientdense foods List the components of the scientific method and describe each component listing them in the proper sequence Describe the types of scientific research Discuss how epidemiological studies and clinical trials used in making nutrition decision Define terms related to scientific research control group experimental group placebo peer review process Identify characteristics of a valid study Distinguish between reliable and unreliable nutrition information Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 3 Nutrition Terms Nutrition is a science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods we eat affect the body s functions and health Nutrients are substances in food that provide energy structure to the body and regulate processes within the body Some are considered essential Essential Nutrients must be provided by diet Energy is measured in Calories or kcalories kcal Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 4 Other terminology Fortified foods Foods which one or more nutrients have been added Why Some mandated to prevent deficiencies Others products done voluntarily to sell food Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 5 Phytochemicals and zoochemicals Non nutrient substances in food thought to be beneficial to the human body Phytochemicals are found in plant based foods Generally in pigment of food Zoochemicals found in animal based foods May have health promoting benefits 2012 John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Phytochemicals 2012 John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Functional Foods Functional foods Provide health benefits beyond functions of nutrients Examples Broccoli prevents cancer Oatmeal lowers cholesterol Salmon prevents heart disease Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 8 Nutrient Density vs Energy Density More kcal per nutrient Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc More nutrients per kcal 9 What influences food choices Taste Primary reason for food choices Smell Appearance Texture Culture What else Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 10 Six classes of nutrients Nutrients Macronutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Carbon containing organic calorie containing Lipids Micronutrients Water Vitamins Minerals Carbon containing organic 2012 John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Examples of nutrients Nutrients Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Fats Water Vitamins Minerals Starch Saturated fat A D E K C B12 Sodium Sugar Monounsaturated fat Folic acid Calcium Fiber Polyunsaturated fat Niacin Fluoride Cholesterol 2012 John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Classes of Nutrients Macronutrients Functions Carbohydrates Primary function Energy 4 kcal gram Structure Types of carbohydrates include Starches Sugar Fiber Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 13 Classes of Nutrients Macronutrients Lipids Commonly known as fats Includes cholesterol Contains same molecules as carbohydrates Hydrophobic Does not dissolve in water Source of energy 9 kcal gram Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 14 Classes of Nutrients Macronutrients Protein Protein contains Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen Predominately found in animal based products Does provide energy 4 kcal gram Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 15 Classes of Nutrients Micronutrients Micronutrients provide no energy but are necessary for proper functioning of the body Micronutrients are Vitamins Minerals Required in small amounts in diet but are important for good health Functions Regulation Minerals provide structure Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 16 Nutrient functions Energy Calorie kilocalorie kcal 1000 calories Measure of energy in food Carbohydrate protein lipid Structure Bones hair skin Muscles Cell membranes and shape Carbohydrates proteins lipids water minerals 2012 John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Nutrient functions Regulate body processes Body temperature Blood pressure Hormones and cell communication Speed up reactions Enzymes Carbohydrates proteins lipids water vitamins minerals Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 18 Calculate the calories in milk Calories in 1 cup skim or fat free milk 12 grams carbohydrates x 4 kcal gram 48 kcal 8 gram protein x 4 kcal gram 32 kcal 0 grams of fat x 9 kcal gram 0 kcal Total 80 calories Calories in 1 cup whole milk 12 grams carbohydrates x 4 kcal gram 48 kcal 8 gram protein x 4 kcal gram 32 kcal 8 grams of fat x 9 kcal gram 72 kcal Total 152 calories Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 19 Malnutrition Definition Energy or nutrient intake that is either too high or too low Too much of a nutrient or nutrients or calories overnutrition Current issue in U S and worldwide Too little of a nutrient or nutrients or calories undernutrition Ex dehydration osteoporosis 2012 John Wiley Sons Inc All rights reserved Diet and Health Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 21 Diet and Health Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 22 Diet and Health Diet can impact health increasing risk of developing chronic diseases Ex Osteoporosis Diabetes Heart disease and stroke Cancer Copyright 2010 John Wiley Sons Inc 23 Genetic material Located in nucleus of the cell are chromosomes made of up DNA Units of DNA that are responsible for inherited traits are known as Genes Contain instructions to make a protein Some genes are associated with increased risk of certain diseases or conditions but not alone 2012