Chapter 1 The Food on Your Plate How Do We Define Nutrition Define nutrition nutrient essential nutrient non essential nutrient calorie Nutrition The science that studies the interaction between the body s function and health List the 3 broad functions of nutrients Nutrient A substance that the body requires for energy regulation of body processes and structure Essential nutrient Must be acquired by diet foods and fluids Body is unable to make an adequate amount to meet needs Non essential nutrient Body can make inadequate amounts to meet needs Calorie Scientific unit used to measure energy Calories used to measure food energy are kilocalories kcal Classifying Nutrients Six essential nutrients Two broad classes Nutrients that provide energy Nutrients that don t provide energy but do assist with regulating body processes and or providing structure Identify nutrients that are macronutrients and those that are micronutrients List nutrients that yield energy Define macronutrient and micronutrient Macronutrients nutrients that provide energy energy yielding nutrients Carbohydrates Fat Protein Gives calories Water essential macronutrient but not energy yielding by itself Micronutrients do not give energy Vitamins Minerals UNDERSTAND DIFFERENCE DISTINCT between macronutrients and micronutrients OF THE MACRONUTRIENTS determine which are energy yielding Macronutrients Carbohydrates The PRIMARY function provides energy Includes sugars starches and fibers Composed of the elements carbon oxygen and hydrogen Amount of energy yielded provides 4 calories kcal per gram Macronutrients Lipids Known as fats Nutrition Page 1 Known as fats Includes triglycerides common dietary fat phospholipids and sterols Type of lipid most commonly consumed in diet triglyceride Functions Provides energy Involved with structure function and regulation in the body All three broad functions 9 kcal per gram Common sources include foods such as oils and butter Composed of carbon oxygen and hydrogen same as carbohydrates but contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as a carbohydrate Therefore more energy Macronutrients Protein Composed of carbon oxygen and hydrogen Unique element also contains nitrogen primarily Not found in carbohydrates lipids Primary purpose Support growth Maintenance and repair of tissue Body will prefer to use protein for growth development maintenance repair than to use for energy Also a source of energy provides 4 kcal per gram same as carbohydrates How to Calculate Calories in your Food Calculate the total calories in a food item using the macronutrient composition of that food item Suppose the label on a food product indicates that it has The total energy content that food is as follows 34 g carbohydrates x 4 kcal g 136 kcal 7g fat x 9 kcal g 63 kcal 2g protein x 4 kcal g 8 kcal TOTAL kcal 207 kcal Micronutrients Define metabolism Definition of Metabolism Biochemical activity that occurs in cells That may release energy from nutrients metabolism of carbohydrates and fat for energy Or using energy to create other substances making protein Not energy yielding Vitamins and minerals are involved with that help macronutrients release their energy but vitamins and minerals cannot be broken down to provide energy themselves Not energy yielding but imperative to get enough to have appropriate metabolism Micronutrients Vitamins Vitamins Nutrients that are organic and are required in small amounts to maintain normal body function Assist with regulating processes in the body highly correlated one of the big functions of vitamins Distinguish between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins Two broad categories of vitamins Fat soluble hydrophobic Cannot dissolve in water classic oil and vinegar mixture stays separated Nutrition Page 2 Cannot dissolve in water classic oil and vinegar mixture stays separated Can be stored in the body for long periods of time Do not need to be consumed daily no problem with inadequate amounts because of storage Fat soluble may get too much because stored so easily Water soluble Dissolves in water Generally not stored in the body to any extent and are excreted mostly through the urine Easily eliminated from the body Greater risk of not getting enough don t consume as much as we need to at a time Minerals Inorganic Minerals Inorganic compounds necessary for structure and regulating processes in the body directly related with structure Inorganic no carbon KNOW FUNCTION structure and regulation Two groups Macromineral major elements Required by body in amounts equal to or in excess of 100 mg per day Micromineral trace elements Are required by the body in an amount less than 100 mg per day KNOW DIFFERENCE between macromineral and micromineral Define electrolyte An electrolyte Mineral that assumes a charge when dissolved in water Involved with water fluid regulation in the body Includes sodium potassium and chloride chlorine KNOW DEFINITION of electrolyte Identify the kcal per gram for the energy yielding nutrients Nutrition Page 3 Identify the kcal per gram for the energy yielding nutrients List the general functions of carbohydrates lipids protein vitamins and minerals Other Food Components Consumed in Diet Alcohol not an essential nutrient not essential for body to function Provides 7 kcal per gram calories just from alcohol When metabolized yields energy but does not have function in the body Define phytochemicals Phytochemicals Are not classified as nutrients They are chemical compounds in plants that have various effects on body functions Play an important role in health these compounds have a health benefit Animal based foods zoo chemicals Superfoods kale avocado loaded with vitamins and minerals will not help if the rest of the diet is not balanced What Influences Food Choices Identify factors that influence food choices Taste primary reason Environment Culture tradition ethnicity Raised in various cultures migrate towards certain foods become accustomed Environment Family Finances Convenience Media Age Limit the ability to tolerate food change taste perception Health issues Food Choices Influencing Health Malnutrition Poor nutrition status imbalance of nutrient storage in the body Distinguish between undernutrition and overnutrition Two major types Under nutrition Too little inadequate amounts of specific nutrients We don t eat enough to meet needs limited access to food losing Nutrition Page 4 We don t eat enough to meet needs limited access to food losing Over nutrition Too