Slide 1Chapter 6 Learning ObjectivesChapter 6 learning objectivesChapter 6 learning objectivesSources of proteinSources of Protein in the DietSources of Protein in the DietProtein in the DietStructure of ProteinsEssential and Nonessential Amino AcidsAmino Acids and Protein StructureBuilding Proteins from Amino AcidsBuilding Proteins from Amino AcidsAmino Acids and Protein StructureAmino Acids and Protein StructureProtein and denaturationProtein Digestion and AbsorptionSlide 18Terms to be familiar with for protein digestion/absorptionAbsorption of amino acids requires active transportSources of amino acids for the bodyCreation of nonessential amino acidsSlide 23Synthesis of New ProteinsSynthesizing ProteinSynthesis of New ProteinsGene regulationProtein functionsUsing proteins for energySlide 30Inadequate Protein IntakeProtein DeficiencyProtein-energy malnutrition (PEM)Protein ExcessProtein Allergies and IntolerancesProtein Allergies and IntolerancesMeeting Protein Needs: Nitrogen BalanceGeneral Protein RequirementsProtein recommended daily allowanceVarying Protein Needs of AthletesCalculateQuestion…Dietary sources of proteinDietary sources of proteinSlide 45Choosing healthy proteinsDietary Recommendations for ProteinTypes of Vegetarian DietsVegetarian dietsNutrients of concern for those following a Vegan DietSoy ProteinWhat Should I Eat? Protein SourcesEnd of Chapter 6Chapter 6Protein and Amino AcidsChapter 6 Learning Objectives1. List dietary sources of protein.2. Describe the elemental components and general structure of an amino acid and the structure of protein.3. Define “peptide bond.”4. Distinguish between essential, nonessential and conditionally amino acids.5. Discuss how the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain affects protein structure and function of the protein.6. Define “denaturation” and discuss how this affects the function of a protein.7. List ways in which a protein may be denatured.8. Describe the steps of protein digestion and absorption.9. Discuss the steps involved in protein synthesis.10. Define ‘transamination’ and ‘deamination.’Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 6 learning objectives11. Identify the functions of proteins in the body.12. Describe nitrogen balance and how is relates to protein needs13. Identify the RDA for adults and AMDR for protein.14. Knowing an individual’s weight, calculate their protein requirements based on RDA.15. Identify conditions in which an individual may have increased protein requirements greater than the RDA.16. Describe the conditions under which the body uses protein to produce energy.17. Distinguish kwashiorkor from marasmus.18. List other conditions or problems associated with inadequate protein intake.19. Explain why protein-energy malnutrition is more common in children than in adults.Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 6 learning objectives20. Discuss the potential risks associated with a high protein diet.21. Explain how dietary protein can trigger a food allergy.22. Describe celiac disease, list the classic symptoms of this condition, and the treatment for it.23. List the types of vegetarian diets and define each type.24. Discuss the benefits and risks of vegetarian diets.25. List the nutrients of concern for those who are following a vegan diet.26. Distinguish between complete and incomplete proteins and identify sources of each.Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Sources of proteinProteins are the predominant structural and functional material in every cellDietary sources of protein: Animal-based: Meat, eggs, dairy productsProvide B-vitamins and some absorbable minerals High in saturated fat and cholesterolPlant-based: Grains, nuts, legumes (peas, peanuts, beans, soybeans, lentils)High in fiber, phytochemicals, and unsaturated fatCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sources of Protein in the DietCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sources of Protein in the DietCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Protein in the DietMost of the world relies on plant proteins from grains and vegetables.Positive relationship between economy of country and dietary intake of animal protein in that countryProtein deficiency is rare in the United States.In the US, about two-thirds of dietary protein comes from meat, poultry, seafood, eggs and dairy products.Structure of ProteinsProteins contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and a unique element: NitrogenElemental component of proteins are amino acids.Structurally, each amino acid has: Acid group (-COOH) Amine group (-NH2) Unique side chainEssential and Nonessential Amino AcidsTwenty different amino acids found in proteinsNine amino acids are essential.Eleven amino acids are nonessential:Can be synthesized in the body from other amino acids or by adding nitrogen to C-containing structuresSome amino acids are conditionally essential amino acids: cannot be made in body in adequate amounts under certain conditionsCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Amino Acids and Protein StructurePvt. Tim HallBuilding Proteins from Amino AcidsThe bond between amino acids in which the acid group of one amino acid is connected to the amine group of another amino acid: Peptide bondDipeptide = 2 amino acids (AA)Tripeptide = 3 AAPolypeptide = many AAProteins may contain 100 – 10,000 amino acids.Building Proteins from Amino AcidsStructure of proteins based, in part, on sequence of AA in polypeptide chainAA side chains are hydrophilic or hydrophobicForm specific _____ shapes due to interactions between the side chains of amino acids 3-dimensional Shape is critical to protein functionCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Amino Acids and Protein StructureAmino Acids and Protein StructureProtein and denaturationDefinition of denaturation:  Alteration of a protein’s three-dimensional structureDue to exposure to heat, acids, bases or salts ex: Cooking meat or eggs and marinating meat will denature the proteinCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Protein Digestion and AbsorptionFigure 6.4Terms to be familiar with for protein digestion/absorptionHydrochloric acidPepsin (from pepsinogen)DenaturationProteaseTripeptideDipeptideAmino acidTransport proteinCopyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Absorption of amino acids requires active transportAmino acids•Active