JOURN 3000 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 14-26Lecture 14-Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane)  Around the World in 80 Days  New York institution by 1900 The crusade reaches its zenith in the World – Equitable Life Insurance, Panama Canal stories Pulitzer’s legacy Proposes a school of journalism to Columbia University  Founds Pulitzer Prize for journalism and literature Crusading press; defends ‘little guy’; definition of newsWilliam Randolph Hearst Background  Comes from a wealthy connected family; attends Harvard  Worked for and became editor of his father’s paper  Democratic background and makes his papers into Democratic organsHearst’s San Francisco Examiner Takes over Examiner in 1887 Bought his staff; copied the industry leaders  Uses sensationalism to lure readers Uses sensationalism to lure readersHearst’s New York Journal Brings his formula from San Francisco to New York  Journalism of Action Utilized crusades, stunts  News = Sensationalism Simple writing style; straightforward editorials Raids World’s staff  McKinley’s assassin has a copy of the Journal in his pocket  Newspaper’s name changed to the American Hearst Empire Hearst buys/starts several publications in other major cities  Runs for public office (in US Congress; fails in run for New York mayor, governor)New York Times Publisher Adolph Ochs rescues ailing Times in 1896  Times distinguishes itself from ‘yellow journalism’ papers  Serves elite audience - business news, legal notices  Few pictures; no comics Invokes class/moral tone: All the news that’s fit to print Published texts of documents, speeches; indexes stories  Paper sets rules for running ads so as not to be confused with news (font, labeled)  “To give the news impartially without fear or favor” and “intelligent discussion from all shades of opinion” Ida B. Wells Wells wrote for several papers, often about lynching Investigated lynching cases, field reporting Memphis Free Speech destroyedNew York Times and Ida B. Wells Wells challenged ‘balanced’ coverage of lynching  Times called for “sober-minded, responsible Americans” to repudiate Wells’ charges  Objectivity still an inarticulate conceptLecture 15: Era 1890-1920; Progressivism grows from 1880, displaced as a ‘governing’ model with the New Deal in the 1930s  Opposed to corruption of party bosses, to ignorance, to inefficiency  In support of disinterested expertise, scientific management, direct democracy Characterized by reforms in all fieldsNew Journalism (I) Rationalized newspaper organization Separation and articulation of reporting, editorial, and advertising functions  “Business side” of the newspaper Inverted pyramid and fact-driven reporting  Newsboys as method of distribution  Typographical Innovation Illustration expands Linotype Machine Distinct social institution  Separation from parties and factions  Distinct organizational practices, roles, normsYellow Journalism New Journalism without a soul’ … ‘Nude Journalism’ Huge headlines, vivid illustration, color  Self-promotion  Comic strips  Populist tone – concern for underdog Shrieking, sensationalistic content  Sin, sex, and violence Lecture 16:Yellow journalism  Name comes from yellow kid cartoon, which runs in New York World and New York Journal Yellow journals play a role in lead up to the Spanish-American War in 1898 Role in Spanish American War  Jingoism – hawkish patriotism The telegram Joseph Pulitzer Background  Immigrant; worked in German language press after Civil War  Became part owner of the St. Louis Post, 1872  Elected as a Republican to Missouri State Senate; worked as a legislative correspondent  Thinker, interest in economic, political, and social trends  Brings merger of Post and Dispatch in 1878 St. Louis Post-Dispatch  Pulitzer articulates a role of ‘serving no party but the people’ and being critical of the administration in power  Stated role was to be above partisanship and for justice and truth  Defined news as that which was “apt to be talked about” … printed fair share of exaggeration and half-truth Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World Pulitzer buys the World in 1883 Troubled paper before Pulitzer’s purchase  Uses human interest and sensationalism to attract audience; also offers public affairs news and editorials  Circulation jumps and advertising income soars  Aggressive self-promotion of the paper; stunts  Collected funds for Statue of Liberty base  Crusades on behalf of the immigrants, poor, labor  Public crusades  Tainted milk stories  Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane)  Bly – the reporter  Ten Days in the Mad-House Lecture 17New Journalism Journalism field is articulating high ideals … based on objectivity, democracy But, ideals often diluted in practice … gatekeepers to the marketplace of ideas  Progressive, Professional Ideals Mirror of reality … mirror of audience interests  Watchdog of the public interest … watchdog for private interests Changes in the Magazine Industry Mid 19th century: expensive, specialized By 1890s: general-audience magazines National economy, advertisers  Technology: lowered costs; allowed for artwork Delivery: Post Office Act of 1879 subsidizedThe Muckrakers Muckrakers, unlike newspaper crusaders, reach a more national audience  Muckraking magazines much more depth than newspapers  Ida Tarbell’s “History of the Standard Oil Company” ran in 19 installments,1902 to 1904  journalism rooted in Progressive ideals  Popular 1900 – early 1910s  Examined corruption in government, big business; conditions in slums, prisons, patent medicine companies Led to government policyLecture 18:The Muckrakers Name from President Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 Publications include McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s  Writers include Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, David Graham Phillips, Christopher Powell Connolly,  Connolly’s ‘White Wash Brush’ Investigated Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger for giving away coal and mineral reserves to J.P. Morgan and Guggenheims President Taft fires