JOURN 3000 1st EditionExam# 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 -13Lecture 2-Explanation of Origins Agency  History driven by individual choices  Collective action? Unintended consequences?  Functionalism History driven by vacuums created by unfulfilled needs Explanation?  Identifies causes by way of effects  Fails to specify a selective/adaptive mechanism  Fails to explain dysfunction  Structure History driven by cultural, material, and institutional environments  Responsibility?  Structural explanation Cultural structure/factors Material structure/factors  Institutional structure/factors Cultural structure Ideas, values, attitudes Why does the early American newspaper emerge as a quasi-political institution?  Content: Political news, political essays  Staff: Tied to/appointed by political factions, parties; Printing merchants  Support: Political subsidies  Audience: Voters to be persuaded  Material structure Geography, technology, economy Why does the political press give way to the ‘Penny Press’ in the 1830s and following?  Content: Stories on nitty-gritty of urban life; local, entertainment Staff: Entrepreneurs, information gatherers  Support: Advertising  Audience: Consumers, middle and working classes; mass circulation  Institutional structure Institutions - government, church, school, family, business Why does broadcast journalism emerge in the US around World War II? Many radio stations in early 1920s initially owned by newspapers; many false starts  Only brief news bulletins twice a day in 1930s Broadcast journalism begins earlier elsewhere Lecture 3-  A Pre-history How was news disseminated before the printing press? Verse Letters, epistles Stories told at markets or fairs,  later at coffee houses and clubs Balladeers sang ballads Ringing of bells Technology: Pre-printing press  Scribal culture, manuscripts  Block text Technology: The printing press  Johannes Gutenberg, circa1450-55 Mainz, Germany Technology: Making paper  State regulation; church authority Knowledge is power Emerging public sphere Economic conditions Work for hire; work by commission Cultivating demand; serial publicationLecture 4- Culture of reception-emerging notions of popular sovereignty -Literacy clubs, coffee shops, etc. -Forerunners of newspapers-Pamphlets-Broadsides-Diurnals-News books-News sheets-Essay papersMarketplace of ideas:Libertarian conception--Truth naturally overcomes falsehood when they are allowed to compete -Competing voices produce superior conclusions -Even errors make the truth more radiant -Voices should not be excluded from the marketplace, lest the truth be suppressed -Libel is the main exception Alternative conceptions:-Milton’s Areopagitica (Antinomianism)-Defense of free expression, opposition to censorship, licensing -Moral limits to the marketplace of ideas; no prior restraint, but sympathetic to subsequent action -Advocates exclusion of some ideas because some people are susceptible to falsehoods, or because vicious persons will corrupt others -Republicanism -Public opinion must be formed via virtuous leaders (including the press)-Newspapers function as a town hall -Freedom is only good when intelligent, independent virtuous citizens maintain social order -Press expected to promote truth Lecture 5-Colonial Press  First newspaper: Publick Occurrences: Both Forreign and Domestick Published by Benjamin Harris on Sept. 25, 1690 Paper contained foreign and domestic news  a prophetic role Record of events to bear witness to God’s providence  Sort truth from lies, expose ‘treachery’  Boston News-Letter, 1704  News-Letter first continuously published American newspaper  Boston postmaster, John Campbell, appointed by crown; paper published by authority Lots of foreign news; commercial and government matters New England Courant, 1721  Published by James Franklin  Paper sought to entertain its  audience; included literary fare Ben Franklin, Pennsylvania Gazette Takes over paper in Philadelphia in 1729 Entertaining essays (Busy-Body Papers) win sizeable readership Attracts profitable advertising business Wins government printing contracts Franklin sets up other colonial printers Takes over paper in Philadelphia in 1729 Entertaining essays (Busy-Body Papers) win sizeable readership Attracts profitable advertising business Wins government printing contracts Franklin sets up other colonial printers Zenger Trial, 1734-35 Gov. William Cosby appointed colonial governor of New York Faction opposed to Cosby Cosby has Zenger arrested for seditious libel (criticism of the government, leading to unrest)  Zenger’s attorney, Andrew Hamilton, argues truth as a defense Jury acquits Zenger Principle: Right to criticize officials a main pillar of press freedom Lecture 6- Colonial Press: Journalistic Roles  Disseminate information about other parts of the world; colonies Challenge decisions of those in power  Commentate on God’s will, providence Paper is mirror  Commentate, campaign about public issues (e.g., inoculation) Entertain readers  Journalistic Roles  Provide forum for exchange of ideas Three factions Tories – North American loyalists to Britain, crown  Whigs – primarily an economic philosophy – no taxation without representation  Patriots – promote revolution based on principles of liberty and popular sovereignty  James Rivington, Tories Population, 20-30 percent Tory, Loyalist in 1776 Owned bookstores; founded New York Gazetteer, later Royal Gazette Presented opposing sides of political questions Tories, Loyalists Many Tory printers hounded out of business Rivington becomes Tory propagandist after Battles of Lexington and Concord Rivington’s renamed paper fails after the war John Dickinson, Whig Dickinson’s “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” spread his Whig philosophy  British taxes a conspiracy against colonists to deprive them of liberty  Established principles of the revolution No taxation without representation  Sam Adams, Patriot  Editor of Independent Advertiser; contributor to Boston Gazette Organized Committees of Correspondence in 1772 to cover meetings, news network Strategic network of