JOURN 3000 1nd Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 14 26 Lecture 14Joseph Pulitzer s New York World Nellie Bly Elizabeth Cochrane Around the World in 80 Days New York institution by 1900 The crusade reaches its zenith in the World Equitable Life Insurance Panama Canal stories Pulitzer s legacy Proposes a school of journalism to Columbia University Founds Pulitzer Prize for journalism and literature Crusading press defends little guy definition of news William Randolph Hearst Background Comes from a wealthy connected family attends Harvard Worked for and became editor of his father s paper Democratic background and makes his papers into Democratic organs Hearst s San Francisco Examiner Takes over Examiner in 1887 Bought his staff copied the industry leaders Uses sensationalism to lure readers Uses sensationalism to lure readers Hearst s New York Journal Brings his formula from San Francisco to New York Journalism of Action Utilized crusades stunts News Sensationalism Simple writing style straightforward editorials Raids World s staff McKinley s assassin has a copy of the Journal in his pocket Newspaper s name changed to the American Hearst Empire Hearst buys starts several publications in other major cities Runs for public office in US Congress fails in run for New York mayor governor New York Times Publisher Adolph Ochs rescues ailing Times in 1896 Times distinguishes itself from yellow journalism papers Serves elite audience business news legal notices Few pictures no comics Invokes class moral tone All the news that s fit to print Published texts of documents speeches indexes stories Paper sets rules for running ads so as not to be confused with news font labeled To give the news impartially without fear or favor and intelligent discussion from all shades of opinion Ida B Wells Wells wrote for several papers often about lynching Investigated lynching cases field reporting Memphis Free Speech destroyed New York Times and Ida B Wells Wells challenged balanced coverage of lynching Times called for sober minded responsible Americans to repudiate Wells charges Objectivity still an inarticulate concept Lecture 15 Era 1890 1920 Progressivism grows from 1880 displaced as a governing model with the New Deal in the 1930s Opposed to corruption of party bosses to ignorance to inefficiency In support of disinterested expertise scientific management direct democracy Characterized by reforms in all fields New Journalism I Rationalized newspaper organization Separation and articulation of reporting editorial and advertising functions Business side of the newspaper Inverted pyramid and fact driven reporting Newsboys as method of distribution Typographical Innovation Illustration expands Linotype Machine Distinct social institution Separation from parties and factions Distinct organizational practices roles norms Yellow Journalism New Journalism without a soul Nude Journalism Huge headlines vivid illustration color Self promotion Comic strips Populist tone concern for underdog Shrieking sensationalistic content Sin sex and violence Lecture 16 Yellow journalism Name comes from yellow kid cartoon which runs in New York World and New York Journal Yellow journals play a role in lead up to the Spanish American War in 1898 Role in Spanish American War Jingoism hawkish patriotism The telegram Joseph Pulitzer Background Immigrant worked in German language press after Civil War Became part owner of the St Louis Post 1872 Elected as a Republican to Missouri State Senate worked as a legislative correspondent Thinker interest in economic political and social trends Brings merger of Post and Dispatch in 1878 St Louis Post Dispatch Pulitzer articulates a role of serving no party but the people and being critical of the administration in power Stated role was to be above partisanship and for justice and truth Defined news as that which was apt to be talked about printed fair share of exaggeration and half truth Joseph Pulitzer s New York World Pulitzer buys the World in 1883 Troubled paper before Pulitzer s purchase Uses human interest and sensationalism to attract audience also offers public affairs news and editorials Circulation jumps and advertising income soars Aggressive self promotion of the paper stunts Collected funds for Statue of Liberty base Crusades on behalf of the immigrants poor labor Public crusades Tainted milk stories Nellie Bly Elizabeth Cochrane Bly the reporter Ten Days in the Mad House Lecture 17 New Journalism Journalism field is articulating high ideals based on objectivity democracy But ideals often diluted in practice gatekeepers to the marketplace of ideas Progressive Professional Ideals Mirror of reality mirror of audience interests Watchdog of the public interest watchdog for private interests Changes in the Magazine Industry Mid 19th century expensive specialized By 1890s general audience magazines National economy advertisers Technology lowered costs allowed for artwork Delivery Post Office Act of 1879 subsidized The Muckrakers Muckrakers unlike newspaper crusaders reach a more national audience Muckraking magazines much more depth than newspapers Ida Tarbell s History of the Standard Oil Company ran in 19 installments 1902 to 1904 journalism rooted in Progressive ideals Popular 1900 early 1910s Examined corruption in government big business conditions in slums prisons patent medicine companies Led to government policy Lecture 18 The Muckrakers Name from President Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 Publications include McClure s Cosmopolitan Collier s Writers include Lincoln Steffens Ida Tarbell Ray Stannard Baker David Graham Phillips Christopher Powell Connolly Connolly s White Wash Brush Investigated Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger for giving away coal and mineral reserves to J P Morgan and Guggenheims President Taft fires whistle blower Collier s runs multi part series Ballinger eventually forced to resign Connolly slandered sued and won Committee on Public Information Wilson campaigned against involvement in World War I Wilson creates CPI once U S enters the war April 14 1917 Modeled after British counterpart but with American features Headed by George Creel former newspaper reporter editor Journalists authors publicity men advertising agents lawyers psychologists government officials Incubator for public relations CPI crafted a voluntary censorship code editors would not print anything that helped the enemy Mobilized 150 000 citizens in government