PHL 301 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideBerkeley- Attack’s Locke’s substances, primary qualities, matter, and essences- Idealist: believes that everything consists of ideas- To be is to be perceived- Bundle Theory of objectso Objects are just a bunch of qualities floating aroundo Does not apply to mind; the mind is a unity- God always perceives everything, so when an object is temporarily hidden from us, that doesn’t mean it doesn’t existThe Buddha- Four Noble Truths- Eightfold Noble Path (The Middle Way)oo Right thoughto Right intentiono Right speecho Right conducto Right livelihoodo Right efforto Right concentrationo Right meditation- Southern (Therevada) Buddhism o Chief virtue: wisdomo Arhat – the saint who attains enlightenment- Northern (Mahayana) Buddhismo Chief virtue: compassiono Bodhisattva – someone who becomes enlightened and postpones final enlightenment to help others- There is no self – we carve the world into objectso Think of the idealist world as scrambled eggs, as opposed to the realist hard-boiled egg- All that we are is the result of what we have thoughto Dharma – momentary ideaso Everything is just a term We count Jane, who flies from Houston to Austin and back, as one personbut two passengers. We think that passenger is just a way of counting, but Buddhism holds that all words are like “passenger.”- There is a mismatch between us and the world, unlike Hinduism- Enlightenment- Life is suffering- Eliminating desireHume- Identity is purely fiction- Bundle Theory of the Self- Scandal of Inductiono Induction is not justified at allo More of custom, habit, human nature Ideas rest on internal, non-rational feeling- Attacks necessary connection, causation- Questions of morality and identity are projected onto the worldo The ship example discussed earlier in the course is not a question about whether or not it is the same ship, but a question about what we decide to call it.- Distinction between impressions and ideasKant- Act as though the maxim of your nature were to become a universal law- Qualified vs unqualified goodso The only unqualified good is good will- Perfect and imperfect obligations- Categorical imperative- Deontologist: consequences do not matter- Copernican Revolution: Objects revolve around concepts- Categories: pure concepts of the understanding- Space, time, logical categories are necessary conditions of possibility of experience- Objects of possible experience- A Priori knowledgeNietzsche- Historical Relativism- Errors and fantasies, everything valuable- Two Level Theory: chemistry- God is deado People have lost faith in absolute values- Authenticity: The only law of ethics is that you are to become the person that you areOrtega y Gaset- Perspectivism- Absolute truth as a limit toward which we advance by considering other perspectives- I am myself in my circumstanceso Vital reasono Part of what shapes me goes into my point of viewPeirce- Pragmatist: differences in meaning are differences in practice- Scientific method- Truth is what we are fated to agree on- FallibilismRussel- Realist: some things are independent of the mind- The idealist confuses ideas with things- Truth is the correspondence with factsAdditional Concepts to Know (Multiple Choice Section)- Missing Explanation Argument for Realism- Best Explanation Argument for Realism- Hegelo History follows a pattern of thesis, antithesis, synthesiso Path to absolute knowledgeo Spirit/Geist/Mind realizes itself- Hinduismo Ahimsa (non-injury)o Atman is Brahman The self is equal to the world Opposite of Buddhism: In Hinduism, everything in the world fits together nicely- Jainismo Extreme Ahimsa