PHL 301 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 13-22Aquinaso Essences as causes of a thingo Quiddity: The “whatness” of an objecto Essence: Necessarieso Nature: What makes it what it is (think chemical formula)o All bodies act to an endo God is the first causeo Things can’t cause themselveso Causes can’t go on to infinityo Something outside of the natural world had to start this train of causes, so it must be GodMillo Harm principle: A person can pursue their own ends as long as he does not violate anyone else’s rightso The history of humanity helps us decide rules so we don’t spend eternity figuring out what is best to do (Secondary principles)o Rule Utilitarianismo Disagree when a rule conflicts with utilityo Goal is to maximize the good of humans as a specieso Intellectual, social, and sensual pleasureso Believes a neutral judge for which pleasure is higher is a judge who has experienced botho Higher pleasures = virtues, which benefit otherso Puts pleasure on a scaleo What should I do?o What must I do?o Supererogatory acts = above and beyondConfuciuso What should I do?o What kind of person should I be?o Intends his theory to be independent of any human nature theoryo Will only speak about nurtureo Confucian Humanism: Let’s start with what we knowo Ren (virtue)o Li (propriety) What should I do?o Zhong (Altruism) Likening to oneselfo Yi (righteousness) Why do it?o Dao (The path, way)o Pluralism is Ren, Li, and Yio Without knowledge, virtues turn into their oppositeso All virtues rest on the self, then the family, then otherso Filial piety = obedienceo Fraternal submission = service to equalso Virtues of feelingo superior person wants to do the right thingo Become a superior person by imitating others and their habits will become yourso Repay kindness with kindness and injury with justiceo Family comes firsto Most of your life is a dialogue with yourselfo When things go wrong, we should try to find the faults in ourselvesAristotleo Instrumental goods vs intrinsic goods (desired for own sake)o Happiness is the final intrinsic goodo Happiness = living well = flourishingo What is it to live well?o Fulfill function well. But what is our function? Humans can reason and act according to rational plans (long-term)- Virtue = excellenceo Moral virtue can’t be taught, but intellectual virtue can (Weakness of will)o Practical wisdom = ability to draw distinctions between right and wrongo We become good people by imitating others and adopting their habitso Virtues are means between extremeso Categorieso Substance is the category that all others depend on. Substances… Are a “This such” Have no degrees Can have contrary qualitieso Secondary substance = kinds (like “People in general”) or bare pluralso Essenceso Essential properties are necessary to the thingo Accidental properties are contingent and not always present in a substanceo God is the prime mover of the universeLockeo All knowledge comes from experienceo An idea is the object of understanding when a man thinso Judgement Empiricism (no synthetic a priori truths) and Concept Empiricism (all concepts come from experience, but all innate capacities, such as abstraction, combination, and negation, are higher order) are connectedo Ideas come from sensation or reflectiono We can experience two things and combine themo Theory of relative identityo Thoughts and their continuous stream of consciousness make a specific person that
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