PHL 301 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I.Intro to HinduismII.AdvaitaIII.Self-awarenessIV.Chariot analogyV.Self-disciplineVI.Karma Outline of Current LectureI.Hindusim a.Raja yoga for liberationb.The Gitac.The Euthyphro problemd.Ethical restraints and stagesII.Buddhisma.The story of the Buddhab.The four noble truths and the eightfold noble pathCurrent LectureHinduism (continued from previous lecture)In trying to realize the Path of Desire, many people have thought of pleasure, success, and renunciation, none of which are actually appropriate, according to Hinduism. Liberation is really the only way to go. There are four ways to achieve this, one of which is yoga. There are also four types of yoga, but the type we will focus on is Raja yoga, which makes use of asanas (postures) and breath control. The goal is to ignore what you are seeing and hearing. It is ultimately meditation, to which there are three steps. The first is to concentrate on a single spot, object, or word. The second is to get the mind to be quiet. The most similar modern thing to this would be driving, when the driver does everything automatically and does not even remember the details of driving from one place to another. The third stage is mystic trance, in which the object of focus loses all distinction and is simply an object. The meditator is then thought to become one with the object and become liberated with the joy that you belong there. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Switching gears, the Gita is a Hindu text, which begins with a civil war in which a warrior’s family is on the opposing side. Krishna, a god, says it is the warrior’s duty to kill them, but he knows that would be violating the number one rule, do not harm. However, Krishna tells the warrior to suspend the strands (intelligence, passion, and inertia) and do what is religiously required of him. Sacrificing our own desires and emotions tunes us into God’s will. If we put aside self-interest, we will naturally be filled with God’s will. Of course, this rests on the assumption that everything is Brahman. The Euthyphro problem stems from the claim that “what is right is what the gods love.” Socrates challenges this and asks “Is it right because the gods love it, or do the gods love it because it is right?” The latter implies an independent standard for what is right, while the former implies no independent standard and that ethics cannot be separated form religion.There are five ethical restraints: noninjury (don’t harm), property (don’t steal), chastity (don’t fornicate, be faithful), truthfulness (don’t lie), and lack of avarice (don’t covet). However, not everyone is held to the same standards. For example, nobody cares if a baby does something wrong, because they are not expected to be ethical. In Hindu ethics, there are four stages of life that have different expectations. The first is student, which includes making habits,gaining skills and information, and self-improvement. These are sort of the things that a studentis expected to do. The second stage is Householder, which involves pleasure, success, and duty. The third is retirement, which holds a person to understanding, philosophy, self-improvement, and teaching others. The fourth is renunciation, which is preparation for death and reflection onlife. BuddhismBuddhism begins with the story of the Buddha, who was, before the existence of his religion, a young prince who was prophesied to become a monk. His father, the king, did not want his only heir to the throne to become a monk, so he decided to shield the Buddha from all unpleasant things. He was locked inside the palace walls until he was a young man, already married with children. While his father was traveling, the Buddha convinced a carriage driver to show him the kingdom. Disobeying the king’s orders, the driver took him out for the first time inthe Buddha’s life. The Buddha saw four passing sights: old age, disease, death, and a monk. He was appalled that old age, disease, and death existed. However, he was impressed with the monk. He realized that he was on the path of self-indulgence and that it was taking him nowhere, so he took on the path of renunciation and moved to the forest, where he would survive on one bean a day. He realized, however, that starving himself helped nothing, and, after becoming enlightened, moved back to teach others his new-found ways.The Buddha held four noble truths: 1. Life is suffering because nothing fits together. This is the opposite of the Hindu idea of Brahman. 2. Desire, craving, and clinging are the cause of suffering. 3. Nirvana extinguishes craving and suffering. 4. The path to Nirvana is the Eightfold Noble Path. To put these in a medical analogy would be as follows: 1. Symptoms, 2. Diagnosis, 3.Prognosis, and 4.