PHL 301 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Socratic MethodOutline of Current Lecture II. What is a good person?III. What is courage? a. Standing, fighting, and not running awayb. Wise endurance of the soulc. Knowledge of that which inspires fear or confidenceIV. Unity of VirtuesCurrent LectureThe first question that Dr. Bonevac asked the class in this lecture was “What is a good person?” The first answer to this was “Someone who does good things.” This is a view from Modern Ethics that is very plausible. However, this brought up the issue of defining the term “good.” Suppose a person’s idea of “good” meant whatever benefited him or herself. Another answer was “Someone with good intentions,” but suppose someone claimed to have good intentions but did not act on them, a concept known as “weakness of will.” This does not constitute a “good” person therefore the answer is unclear.The lecture then moved on to discuss “What is courage?” from section 3.1..1 of the text, “Socrates On Virtue.” In the text, Socrates decides to examine what virtue is by examining just one virtue, courage. Initially, a character called Laches replies to Socrates’s question with the definition, “standing, fighting, and not running away.” In the lecture, we decided that this was a poor definition because it was both too broad and too narrow. One false positive for this definition was that a person who tries to run away but cannot due to blocked exits is not actually courageous, yet he fits the definition above. Another false positive is when a person hasno fear. Perhaps he is depressed and does not care whether or not he is harmed. This would notmake him courageous because he cannot display courage if there is nothing to be afraid of in the first place. Additionally, there are false negatives for the claim, including saying something disagreeable with the popular view, being nonconfrontational, and admitting one’s mistakes, all of which are surely examples of courage but do not fit this first definition.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.The next definition Laches gave was “a wise endurance of the soul.” This had the false positive of taking a hard course. Perhaps someone is wise in enduring a hard course, but that does not necessarily make him or her courageous. Some false negatives that are examples of courage yet do not fit the definition would be acting on an impulse or sacrificing oneself, such asjumping in front of a bus to save a child. Another character, Nicias, then gives a definition that is actually a quote by Socrates: “Courage is the knowledge of that which inspires fear or confidence.” However, this goes back to the issue of weakness of will. It is possible that someone knew what inspired fear or confidence but did not act on it. This is a false positive. A false negative for this definition would be animals being courageous because animals supposedly, without getting into another philosophical issue entirely, do not have knowledge, yet they can be courageous. In the text, Socrates argues that the definition “Courage is the knowledge of that which inspires fear or confidence” is inadequate because hope and fear are directed toward the future, but the same quality of good judgment applies to wisdom about the past, present, and future. Therefore, he argues, knowledge of hope and fear is just knowledge of good and evil, which encompasses all virtues. This leads to a new concept, unity of virtues, which is often asserted by Socrates. This concept states that each individual virtue (courage, wisdom, strength,etc.) is synonymous with all of virtue as a