PHL 301 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I.ExternalismII.The Gettier Problema.Attacking InternalismOutline of Current LectureI.The categoriesII.Criteria for substanceIII.Secondary SubstanceIV.Realisma.Vaisesika and ParticularismCurrent LectureAristotle decides that all things fit into the categories substance, quantity, quality, relations, place, time, position, state, action, and affection. Some of these seem to correspond to grammar categories, such as substances being nouns and actions being verbs. However, they really correspond to kinds of being, or forms. All of these categories depend on substance. If something is a substance, it can possess the other qualities. The substance is the focal meaning of being. You cannot be hungry without being a hungry person, or hungry animal, etc., where the noun is a substance. The common answer to the question “What is this?” involves giving a substance. People do not generally answer the question with an adjective. Then there is the study of ontology, or “What is there?” Aristotle says that the answer is substance. The criteria for something to be a substance is that it must be a “this such,” have no degrees, and be able to possess contrary qualities. Substances seem to be particulars, such as this man. “This man” does not have degrees, such as “tall” can have degrees of being more or less tall. He is either a man or not a man. Substances also have contrary qualities. The man can be awake, asleep, inside, or outside, but he is still “this man” regardless. Secondary substances are universals, such as people in general, pencils, etc. They include bare plurals, such as when someone says, “tigers are striped,” he is referring to the tigers as a kind of substance. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Classical Indian Metaphysics developed the same sort of ideas as Aristotle’s categories. Vaisesika, or Particularism, which is a branch of Realism, holds that objects endure over time. Kanada comes up with categories, or padartha, similar to Aristotle’s. Substances are types of things to which verbs refer. There are substances, and then there are their qualities, and their motions. It is interesting to think about how we know anything about universals, inherence, particularizers, and absences of substances. All of these things still depend on substance. Both Kanada and Aristotle claim that everything is dependent on
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