PHL 301 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I.Carlyle’s objection and Mill’s responseII.Kinds of pleasuresa.Intellectualb.Socialc.SensualIII.Kinds of moral theoryIV.Calculating pleasure versus painOutline of Current LectureI.ExternalismII.The Gettier Problema.Attacking InternalismCurrent LectureIn Externalism, warrant is external, and it is how the belief arose. Warrant and truth are both necessary to create a belief. Knowledge is true belief formed by a reliable process of belief formation. It is not necessarily transparent to the knower. While Internalism claims that knowledge is warranted true belief, Externalism disagrees on the basis that we cannot know something without justifying it. For example, how can someone justify that they are afraid? There really isn’t any way to do this besides saying that you feel that you are afraid, so you mustbe afraid. This leads to the Gettier problem, which states that internalism’s definition of knowledgeis too broad. Externalists claim that justification may not be enough. We can be justified and be right, but still be right by accident. For example, Homer Simpson believes that he can climb to the top of a mountain. His justification is that he has power bars. Later, we discover that the power bars are actually just a marketing scheme and do not aid Homer at all in climbing the mountain. Once he gets halfway up, an avalanche causes the entire mountain above him to fall. The new “top” of the mountain is then exactly where he is standing. In this way, Homer was right, and he did have a justification, but his justification was not the real reason that he was able to climb the mountain. Externalists believe that inferring the truth from something false is not real knowledge at all. Justification must follow from other things that we already know. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.However, this once again raises the point that there must be axioms, which do not need further justification, implying that all knowledge rests on unknown
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