PHL 301 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture II.Socrates view on virtueIII.Plato’s view on virtuea. Weakness of will is realb. Parts of the soul conflict with each otherc.The soul as a metaphorical chariotOutline of Current Lecture II.Particular vs. universal III.Plato’s purposeIV.Plato’s enemiesa. Parmenidesb. Sophistsc. Heraclitusd. SkepticsV. Forms: the visible world and the intellectual worldCurrent LectureWhen contemplating things in Philosophy, there are two categories that everything can fall in to: particular instances and universal instances. Examples of particular instances include “this grain of sand,” “Archduke Franz Ferdinand,” “The eiffel tower,” “That beach ball.” All of these objects exists only once and cannot be recreated. Even if someone were to clone a Franz Ferdinand, the new object would be a clone of Franz Ferdinand, rather than another actual Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Basically, the idea is that in particular objects, there do not exist multiple instances of any sort. In universal objects, however, multiple instances do exist. A few examples are “red,” “love,” “friendship,” “war,” “building,” and “tiger.” These can all exist in multiple objects. Realists believe in universal objects and believe that they are independent of the mind. Conceptualists also believe in them, but consider them to be dependent on the mind.Nominalists, on the other hand, do not believe in universal instances whatsoever. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.The purpose which Plato, a realist, attributes to universal instances is that they are necessary for knowledge, help us to make universal generalizations, and help us understand why things happen. However, there are a few groups who disagree with Plato.Parmenides states that change is impossible. Saying that a person was outside and then came inside is impossible from this point of view. Obviously, this raises many contradictions. Sophists believe that truth is relative to individuals. So, one person can think that the temperature outdoors is cold, while the other thinks that it is hot. This does not mean either one is wrong. In fact, they are both correct from a Sophist perspective, which gives the famous quote, “Man is the measure of all things.” Additionally, Sophists believe that meaning changes over time. Another of Plato’s enemies is Heraclitus, who believes that objects do not persist through change. For example, when a candle melts, it is not the same candle throughout the entire process. At one point, it was a solid candle, and at another, a liquid candle, and the liquid and solid candle are completely separate objects from this point of view. From Heraclitus comesthe famous saying, “You can not step into the same river twice,” because by the time you’ve stepped out and back in, the river has changed and become a completely different object than itonce was. The fourth of Plato’s enemies are the skeptics, who deny knowledge altogether. They believe that there IS truth, we just do not have access to it. Skeptics hold that it is not even possible to communicate with other humans because perhaps they are interpreting the meaning of one’s words incorrectly. Back to Plato’s view, these things can all be summed up in the view that there are two ruling powers in the world, one for the visible (unenlightened) world and one for the intelligible (enlightened) world. Imagine a spectrum, where the left half is the visible world and the right half, the intelligible. The visible world is split into perceptions of shadows, and then objects of perception, from left to right. The intelligible world is similarly divided into understanding and reason.Plato contests that we start on the very far left of the line, in perceptions of shadows. This uses something called “The Cave Allegory,” which describes people watching a screen rom the moment they are born, and never knowing anything else. This then becomes their reality. However, as people progress along the spectrum, they are to move to the next step, opinions, where they are turned away from the screen and can see the real world. After this, they progress from the visible world to the intellectual world into understanding, which is constituted of math forms. Then, they move on to reason, or abstract forms. The idea is thatpeople progress from being unenlightened to enlightened through studying philosophy. Realists have even added another piece to the very right and of the spectrum: good,