PHL 301 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I.Hindusim a.Raja yoga for liberationb.The Gitac.The Euthyphro problemd.Ethical restraints and stagesII.Buddhisma.The story of the Buddhab.The four noble truths and the eightfold noble pathOutline of Current LectureI.The Eightfold Noble PathII.JainismIII.Types of Buddhisma.Theravadab.Mahayanac.ZenCurrent LectureThe Eightfold Noble Path is the path to Nirvana in Buddhism. Step one is right thought. Any negative thought is bad, since “All that we are is the result of our thoughts.” The Buddha asserts that we must know the Four Noble Truths and get our minds into the practice of good habits. Step two is right intention. It holds that we must eliminate all selfish desire, as that only leads to fleeting pleasures. This is the opposite of Utilitarianism, which is based on actively seeking pleasure. Step three in the Eightfold Noble Path is right speech. We should avoid saying harmful things and even avoid arguing if someone says something negative to us. Additionally, lots of speech and telling lies can both be harmful.The fourth step is right conduct. We are to obey the five restraints (do not kill, steal, lie, be unchaste, or ingest intoxicants) and avoid harming others. To elaborate on why ingesting any amount of intoxicant is forbidden, it is important to note that Buddhists are attempting to set These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.their minds on the right path, and altering their mind-states would prevent them from being able to complete the very first step of the Eightfold Noble Path.Step five is right livelihood. We must enter the right careers and avoid what requires or tempts us to harm others. From this point of view, careers such as those in law, law enforcement, and the military are all forbidden. Step six is right effort, which simply means that we should work constantly to avoid selfish desire. Step six is similar to seven, requiring the right concentration, in which we must devote our mental powers to avoiding selfish desire. This is like focusing on one point in Hindu meditation. Step eight is right meditation, which stresses the illumination of an object as purely object, empty of what it actually is.There are several different types of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism has a chief virtue of wisdom. Its followers focus on attaining enlightenment. Mahayana Buddhism, on the other hand, has a chief virtue of compassion. It focuses on a Bodhisattva, or one who becomes enlightened and postpones their final enlightenment to help others reach enlightenment. Yet a third type of Buddhism is Zen Buddhism, which concentrates on the mind being freed through sudden enlightenment. We will now shift to Jainism, which is completely centered on not harming any consciousbeings, including small bugs. It differs from Utilitarianism because it does not seek pleasure. Pleasure, from a Jain point of view is a trap. For example, we may be tempted by the pleasure ofeating beef, but this would be harming a cow. There are no trade-offs in Jainism, since injury is absolutely
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