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UIUC MCB 450 - Final Exam Study Guide

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MCB 450 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 20 - 26Lecture 20(April 14)I. Be able to identify the repeated steps of fatty acid degradationa. Oxidation by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)b. Hydrationc. Oxidation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)d. Thiolysis by coenzyme AII. Be able to describe ketone bodies and their role in metabolisma. Alternative fuel source formed from acetyl CoA and fatty acid degradationb. Acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate), and acetonec. Don’t generate as much ATP as fatty acids but are water soluble so are more easily transported in the bloodd. Synthesized in the mitochondria present in the livere. Will be used heavily in the event of starvation instead of glucosef. Excess production of ketone bodies in diabetics can cause death if not treatedIII. Know how fatty acid are synthesizeda. Acetyl CoA is transferred to the cytoplasm in the form of citrate which is cleaved to yield acetyl CoA and oxaloacetateb. Activation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoAc. Fatty acid is synthesized, two carbon atoms at a time, in a five-step elongationcycleIV. Understand the regulation of fatty acid metabolisma. Acetyl carboxylase is a key regulatori. Responds to changes in the cell environment ii. Is switched off by phosphorylation and is activated by dephosphorylationiii. Glucagon and epinephrine switches off fatty acid synthesis and inactivates acetyl carboxylaseiv. Insulin activates acetyl carboxylase and allows for the accumulation offatty acids as triacylgylcerolsLecture 21(April 16)I. Know the components and structure of nucleic acids.a. Composed of sugars, phosphates, and basesb. Basesi. Adenosine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracilc. Backbone of DNA and RNA is formed by phosphodiester linkagesd. RNA contains a hydroxyl group while DNA contains only a hydrogenII. Be able to explain how we know replication is a semi-conservative processa. Semiconservative  one strand of the parent DNA strand is combined with a newly synthetized daughter strandb. We know this due to an experiment done by Meselson and Stahli. Used density gradient equilibrium sedimentationIII. Understand DNA melting and annealinga. DNA meltingi. The dissociation of the double helixii. Also called denaturationiii. Occurs at a melting temperature defined as the temperature when half the helical structure is lostb. DNA annealing i. When the temperature is lowered below the melting temperature separated complementary strands of nucleic acids can spontaneously reassociate to form a double helixii. A renaturation processIV. Be able to describe how DNA is packaged into cellsa. Form supercoils to fit into the nucleus of cellsLecture 22(April 21) I. Understand the overall aspects of DNA replication in prokaryotesa. Replicated by polymerasesb. Topoisomerases prepare the double helix for unwindingc. The new DNA strand is assembled directly on a preexisting DNA templated. The polymerases require a primer to start synthesise. The polymerases also are able to correct mistakes in DNA synthesis by removing mismatched nucleotidesf. One strand of DNA is made continuously and the other strand is synthesized in fragmentsII. Know the properties of the two polymerases responsible for DNA replication in E. colia. DNA Polymerase IIIi. Two copies of itIII. Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replicationa. Eukaryotic replication is more complexb. More challenging in three waysi. Sheer size  many more base pairs to replicateii. Multiple chromosomes must be replicated opposed to only one chromosomeiii. Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and eukaryotic chromosomes are linear1. Linear chromosomes are subject to shorteningIV. Understand telomerase mode of actiona. The enzyme that maintains the length of the telomeres by adding nucleotides to the leading strandb. Prevents cell death because the telomeres are shortened too muchc. This is the mechanism that occurs in cancer cells and allows those cells to replicate continuouslyLecture 23 (April 23)I. Know the steps of prokaryotic transcriptiona. Initiated at promoter sites on the DNA templateb. RNA polymerase unwinds the template double helixc. Elongation takes place at transcription bubbles that move along the DNA templated. The nascent RNA chain contains stop signals that end transcriptionII. Understand transcription regulation of Lac operona. Lac operon controls lactose degradationb. In the absence of lactose the lac repressor binds very tightly to the operator and therefore blocking the bound RNA polymerase from using the DNA as a templateIII. Be able to describe the general differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcriptiona. Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerasesb. Eukaryotes very extensively process nascent RNA destined to become mRNAc. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation take place in different cellular compartmentsLecture 24(April 28)I. Be able to explain how RNA is processed after transcription in eukaryotesII. Know the steps involved in splicinga. The introns are removed and the exons are linked to form the final mRNA strandb. RNA molecules play key roles in directing the alignment of splice sites and in carrying out catalysisc. ATP-powered helicases unwind RNA duplex intermediates that facilitate catalysis and induce the release of snRNPs from the mRNAIII. Be able to describe the characteristics of the genetic codea. The relation between the sequence of bases in DNA and the sequence of amino acids in proteinsb. Three nucleotides encode an amino acidc. The code is nonoverlappingd. The code has no punctuation e. It has directionalityf. It is nearly universalIV. Understand the mechanism of tRNA-synthetaseLecture 25(April 30)I. Be able to list the key components of protein synthesisa. Initiationb. Elongationc. TerminationII. Understand the roles of the ribosomes in protein synthesisIII. Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translationa. Differ in the initiation of protein synthesisb. Eukaryotic ribosomes are largeri. 80S complex opposed to 70Sc. In eukaryotes, the initiating amino acid is methionined. Eukaryotic mRNA is circulare. Differ in elongation and terminationf. Also differ in organizationIV. Be able to describe the types of mutationsa. Point mutationsi. Silent mutationii. Missense mutationiii. Nonsense mutationb. Insertion/deletion mutationsLecture 26(May 5)I. Understand how restriction enzymes worka. Recognize specific base sequences in double-helical DNA


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UIUC MCB 450 - Final Exam Study Guide

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