MCB 450 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last Lecture I. Glycolysisa. First phase - Reactions 1-5 (no ATP generated)b. Second Phase – Reactions 6-10 (generation of ATP)II. Feeder pathway to glycolysis (other sugars can also enter the glycolytic pathway)III. Regulation of glycolysisIV. Glucose transportersV. Fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditionsa. In yeast: Alcohol fermentationb. In other microorganisms and exercising muscle: Lactic acid fermentationVI. Hypoxia-Inducible FactorOutline of Current Lecture I. Glucose can be synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursorsII. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulatedIII. The Cori cycleIV. Purpose of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)V. Oxidative phaseVI. Nonoxidative phaseVII. Balancing the cellular needs for ATP, NADPH and ribose-5-PCurrent LectureThe Liver Regulates Blood Sugar Levels-Gluconeogenesis - precursors such as glycerol, amino acids, and lactate are converted to glucoseoTakes place in the liver-Gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney helps to maintain the glucose level in the blood, from which it can be extracted by the brain and muscle to meet their metabolic demandsIn some ways, Gluconeogenesis is the reverse of Glycolysis-But is not a complete reversalWhy?-Several reactions must differ because the equilibrium of glycolysis favors pyruvate formation-The delta-G for the reaction is not as favorable and requires ATPPyruvate carboxylase requires the vitamin biotin as a coenzyme-Biotin -- a covalently attached prosthetic group that serves as a carrier of activated CO2These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Biotin is attached to pyruvate carboxylase by a long, flexible chain-It is not carboxylated unless acetyl CoA is bound to the enzymeThe domain structure of the bifunctional regulatory enzyme phosphofructokinase 2 (PF2)/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase-A single, polypeptide chain-Contains an N-terminal regulatory domain followed by a kinase domain and a
View Full Document
Unlocking...