MCB 450 1st EditionExam #3 Study Guide Lectures: 14 - 19Lecture 14 (March 10)I. Be able to define metabolisma. The complex of physical and chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of lifeII. Identify the factors that make ATP an energy-rich moleculea. 2 phosphoric anhydride linkagesi. High transfer potentialb. Has 4 negative chargesc. Hydrolysis of phosphoric anhydride linkages is thermodynamically favorableIII. Explain how ATP can power reactions that would otherwise not take placea. First reaction of glycolysisb. ATP hydrolysis drives metabolism by shifting the equilibrium (Keq') of coupled reactions by a factor of 108 in cells.IV. Describe the relation between the oxidation state of a carbon molecule and its usefulness as a fuela. The more reduced a carbon molecule is the more energy and usefulness it has as a fuelV. Know the names, general structures, and functions of the main anabolic and catabolic carriers.a. Catabolic carriersi. ADP/ATPii. NAD+/NADH 1. NAD+ collects electrons released in catabolismiii. FAD/FADH21. carries two hydrogen ionsiv. FMN/FMNH21. an electron carrier component of the ETCb. Anabolic carriersi. ADP/ATPii. NADP+/NADPH1. 2 NADPHs supply 2 hydrides (2 H+ + 4 e-)Lecture 15 (March 17)I. Be able to list the intermediates of the glycolytic pathway and the types of reactions catalyzing each step.a. Glucose  Glucose 6-phosphate i. catalyzed by hexokinaseb. Glucose 6-phophate  Fructose 6-phosphate i. catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerasec. Fructose 6-phosphate  Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate i. Catalyzed by phosphofructokinased. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate  Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatei. Catalyzed by aldolasee. Glyceraldehyde 3-phospate  Dihydroxyacetone phosphate or 1,3-Bisphosphoglyceratei. Catalyzed by triose phosphate isomerase or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenasef. 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate  3 Phosphoglyceratei. Catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinaseg. 3 Phosphoglycerate  2-Phosphoglyceratei. Catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutaseh. 2-Phosphoglycerate  Phosphoenolpyruvatei. Catalyzed by enolasei. Phosphoenolpyruvate  pyruvatei. Catalyzed by pyruvate kinaseII. Know the regulatory steps of glycolysis and understand some physiologically differences between its regulation in liver and muscles a. Phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, and pyruvate kinase play important roles in regulating glycolysisb. Regulatory steps: Glucose  Glucose 6-phosphate, Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate, and Phosphoenolpyruvate  Pyruvatec. In muscles:i. High levels of ATP inhibits phosphofructokinaseii. High levels of AMP will activate phosphofructokinaseiii. High levels of glucose 6-phosphate inhibit hexokinaseiv. The inhibition of phosphofructokinase leads to the inhibition of hexokinasev. High levels of ATP and alanine inhibit pyruvate kinased. In the liver:i. Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by citrateii. Glucokinase (instead of hexokinase in liver) phosphorylates glucose only when glucose is abundantIII. Be able to describe the effects of allosteric and covalent regulation on glycolysis.IV. Understand how the fate of pyruvate is dictated by the cells need.a. 3 fates of pyruvate, conversion into:i. Ethanolii. Lactateiii. Carbon dioxide and waterLecture 16 (March 19) I. Know the main entry points of noncarbohydrates precursors into gluconeogenesis a. Lactate and some amino acids enter at conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetateb. Some amino acids enter at the conversion of oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvatec. Glycerol enters at the conversion of diydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateII. Differentiate and contrast the coordinated regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesisIII. Be able to identify the two stages of the pentose phosphate pathway and explain how the pathways is coordinated with glycolysis and gluconeogenesisa. Phase 1: Oxidativeb. Phase 2: NonoxidativeIV. Know the enzymes that controls the pentose phosphate pathwaya. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenaseb. Lactonasec. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenased. Phosphopentose isomerasee. Phosphopentose epimerasef. Transketolaseg. TransaldolaseLecture 17 (March 31)I. Be able to list the coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and the steps involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.a. Coenyzmes:i. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)ii. Lipoic acidiii. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)iv. CoAv. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)b. Steps:i. Decarboxylation1. Pyruvate combines with the ionized (carbanion) form of TPP and is then decarboxylated to create hydroxyethyl-TPP2. Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1)ii. Oxidation1. The hydroxyethyl group attached to TPP is oxidized to form an acetyl group while simultaneously being transferred to lipoamide (derivative of lipoic acid)a. This transfer results in the formation of an energy-rich thioester bond2. The disulfide group of lipoamide is reduced to its disulfhydryl formand yields acetyllipoamide3. Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1)iii. Transfer of the resultant acetyl group to CoA1. The acetyl group is transferred from acetyllipoamide to CoA to form acetyl CoA2. Catalyzed by dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2)3. The energy-rich thioester bond is preserved as the acetyl group is transferredII. Be able to recognize the intermediates and products of the citric acid cycle.a. Intermediates:i. Citryl CoAii. Cis-Aconitateiii. Oxalosuccinateb. Products:i. Citrateii. Isocitrateiii. Alpha-ketoglutarateiv. Succinyl CoAv. Succinatevi. Fumaratevii. Malateviii. OxaloacetateIII. Understand how the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle are regulated.a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexi. Regulated by phosphorylation1. Phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1) by a pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase switches off the activity of the complexa. PDH kinase will be activated when high levels of Acetyl CoA, NADH, and ATP are detected2. The activation of a PDH phosphatase will switch the activity of the complex back ona. PDH phosphatase will be activated when high levels of ADPand Pyruvate are detectedb. Citric Acid Cyclei. Primarily regulated by isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate enzymesIV. Know the roles of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate.V. Explain the differences between the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.a. Citric Acid Cyclei. Acetyl CoA has only one fate  oxidation to CO2 and