Chapter 12Chapter 13Chapter 15Chapter 16PSYC 3221 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Chapters: 12-13, 15-16Chapter 12- Prosocial behavioro Helping behavior that is to benefit someone else, might have a return- Altruismo Self-less helping behavior, with expecting nothing in return; not even self gratification- Kin selection/evolution explanationo Survival of species- Norm of reciprocityo Reciprocation the norm of retuning the favor- Social exchange theory of helping o “Helping as disguised self-interest”o Doing someone a favor, knowing down the road they’ll have to repay you- Empathy-altruism hypothesiso Feeling bad for someone/having empathy towards them, you might engage in altruistic behavioro You’ve been in that situation before, so you decide to help them out without expecting a favor in return- Gender differenceso Women: if it requires long term attention & nurturingo Men: If it lets them look like a hero- Religiosity differenceso Religious help tend to be more helpful than non-religious people- Mood effects on helpingo Good mood: “Feel-good-do-good effect” – if you’re feeling good you’re more likely to helpo Bad moods: Likely to help if we feel it will take us out of our bad moods, “negative-state relief hypothesis”o Children & depressed people are the least likely to helpo If we feel guilty we’re more likely to help, to maybe retrieve our guilt- Isen and Levin (1972)-dime study- Factors that effect who we helpo Gender Women: more likely to offer help Men: Less likely to offer helpo Similarity If people are similar to us we tend to help them more Exception would be the “white guilt”- Urban overload hypothesisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Idea that people who live in urban areas are over loaded with stimuli that they don’t since that they’re missing the people who need help- Darley and Batson (1973)-Good Samaritano Story from the bible about helping- Bystander effecto The more eyewitnesses there are, the less likely people will help- Diffusion of responsibilityo Large groups, having to do with the bystander effect, people think others will help, so they end up not helping- Pluralistic ignoranceo Larger the group, the less likely to help- Latane and Darley (1970) NIAKDo 5 Step Decision process that comes in order before we go ahead and help Noticing…that something is going on Interpreting…that it’s an emergency situation Assuming…responsibility Knowing…how to help Deciding….to helpChapter 13- Prisoner's Dilemma- Tragedy of the Commonso Greedy getting the best of people; “what’s one more cow?”- Non-zero sum gameso Everyone wins or everyone loses- Resolving social dilemmas:o Lawso Decreased group sizeo Communication, etc.- Sherif's Robbers Cave Study- Contact hypothesis- Superordinate goals- Perceived injusticeo Not actual injustice- Misperception between groups (self-serving bias, fundamental attribution error, group polarization, in-group bias, out-group homogeneity)o Conflict that arises as a result of misperception- Mirror image perceptionso In conflict you think you’re always the good guy & the other person is the bad guy- Shifting perceptionso Conflict escalates and perceptions shift- Simplicity of thinking and speech in times of conflict- Bargainingo Face to face with problem to find a solution- Mediationo Bringing an unbiased third party & up to conflicting parties to make a decision- Arbitrationo Last resort, where the third party makes a decision- GRITo Graduatedo Reciprocatedo Initiativeso Attention reduction- Tit-for-tat strategyo You hit me, I hit you backChapter 15- Accuracy of eyewitness testimony vs. impact on jurors- Effect of discrediting an eyewitness- False memories/misinformation effect- Effects of prejudice- Own race bias- Lie detector test/polygraph- Characteristics of the defendant: attractiveness, similarity to jurors, and race- Death-penalty bias- Judge's instructions/reactance- Minority influence- 6 member juries vs. 12 member juriesChapter 16- Population concerns- Consumption concerns- Materialism: Money and/or happiness- Adaptation-level phenomenon- Social
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