PSYC 3221 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 12 13 15 16 Chapter 12 Prosocial behavior o Helping behavior that is to benefit someone else might have a return Altruism o Self less helping behavior with expecting nothing in return not even self gratification Kin selection evolution explanation o Survival of species Norm of reciprocity o Reciprocation the norm of retuning the favor Social exchange theory of helping o Helping as disguised self interest o Doing someone a favor knowing down the road they ll have to repay you Empathy altruism hypothesis o Feeling bad for someone having empathy towards them you might engage in altruistic behavior o You ve been in that situation before so you decide to help them out without expecting a favor in return Gender differences o Women if it requires long term attention nurturing o Men If it lets them look like a hero Religiosity differences o Religious help tend to be more helpful than non religious people Mood effects on helping o Good mood Feel good do good effect if you re feeling good you re more likely to help o Bad moods Likely to help if we feel it will take us out of our bad moods negative state relief hypothesis o Children depressed people are the least likely to help o If we feel guilty we re more likely to help to maybe retrieve our guilt Isen and Levin 1972 dime study Factors that effect who we help o Gender Women more likely to offer help Men Less likely to offer help o Similarity If people are similar to us we tend to help them more Exception would be the white guilt Urban overload hypothesis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute o Idea that people who live in urban areas are over loaded with stimuli that they don t since that they re missing the people who need help Darley and Batson 1973 Good Samaritan o Story from the bible about helping Bystander effect o The more eyewitnesses there are the less likely people will help Diffusion of responsibility o Large groups having to do with the bystander effect people think others will help so they end up not helping Pluralistic ignorance o Larger the group the less likely to help Latane and Darley 1970 NIAKD o 5 Step Decision process that comes in order before we go ahead and help Noticing that something is going on Interpreting that it s an emergency situation Assuming responsibility Knowing how to help Deciding to help Chapter 13 Prisoner s Dilemma Tragedy of the Commons o Greedy getting the best of people what s one more cow Non zero sum games o Everyone wins or everyone loses Resolving social dilemmas o Laws o Decreased group size o Communication etc Sherif s Robbers Cave Study Contact hypothesis Superordinate goals Perceived injustice o Not actual injustice Misperception between groups self serving bias fundamental attribution error group polarization in group bias out group homogeneity o Conflict that arises as a result of misperception Mirror image perceptions o In conflict you think you re always the good guy the other person is the bad guy Shifting perceptions o Conflict escalates and perceptions shift Simplicity of thinking and speech in times of conflict Bargaining o Face to face with problem to find a solution Mediation o Bringing an unbiased third party up to conflicting parties to make a decision Arbitration o Last resort where the third party makes a decision GRIT o Graduated o Reciprocated o Initiatives o Attention reduction Tit for tat strategy o You hit me I hit you back Chapter 15 Accuracy of eyewitness testimony vs impact on jurors Effect of discrediting an eyewitness False memories misinformation effect Effects of prejudice Own race bias Lie detector test polygraph Characteristics of the defendant attractiveness similarity to jurors and race Death penalty bias Judge s instructions reactance Minority influence 6 member juries vs 12 member juries Chapter 16 Population concerns Consumption concerns Materialism Money and or happiness Adaptation level phenomenon Social comparison