Psyc 3221 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 5 Evolutionary psychology o The study of the evolution of cognition behavior using principles of natural selection 8 159 160 How does it explain cultural differences and especially gender differences 175 180 Natural selection o The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations 159 Gender roles o A set of behavior expectations norms for males females 181 185 Gender differences Aggression 173 Behavior intended to hurt Interconnectedness 169 171 Empathy Putting yourself in someone else s shoes Sensitivity to non verbal cues etc Androgyny o Andro meaning man and gyn meaning woman the mix of masculine and feminine features 181 o Capable in assertiveness nurturance Individualism o The concept of giving priority to one s own goals over group goals defining one s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification conformity 225 Collectivism o Giving priority to the goals of one s groups often one s extended family or work group and defining one s identity accordingly conformity 222 Role o A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave 220 222 Sexuality o Gender differences universal norms etc Chapter 6 Conformity o A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure 191 226 Compliance o Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing 192 256 Acceptance o Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure 192 Norms 207 208 o Standards for acceptance expected behavior Sherif the light study o Norm formation 193 197 o Autokinetic effect Self motion The apparent movement of stationary light 193 Asch 197 198 o Group pressure line comparison study Milgram s obedience studies o Obedience Acting in accord with a direct order or command 192 Group size 211 279 o A small group can have a large effect o 3 5 people will elicit more conformity compared to just 1 or 2 o Increasing the group size beyond 5 diminishes the power Unanimity o The groups unanimity deflates its social power o People will usually voice their own convictions if just one person has also differed from the majority Cohesion 213 o A we fleeing the extent to which members of a group are bound together such as by attraction for one another o More likely to comply to request from people similar to you o Straight man would have a better sway than a gay man arguing for gay rights Status o Higher status people tend to have more impact Normative influence 216 217 288 289 o Conformity based on a person s desire to fulfill others expectations often to gain acceptance Informational influence 216 217 288 o Conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people Mass psychogenic illness Gender Cultural differences in conformity Reactance 222 223 o A motive to protect or restore one s sense of freedom Usually arises when someone threatens our freedom of action Romeo and Juliet Effect Chapter 7 Who says what to whom Credibility and trustworthiness Attractiveness Central route vs Peripheral route One sided vs Two sided appeals Primacy vs Recency effect Fear communication Mere exposure effect Mindless vs mindful persuasion Two step flow of communication Subliminal advertising Cult indoctrination 7 steps to becoming a cult leader