Psyc 3221 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study GuideChapter 5- Evolutionary psychology:o The study of the evolution of cognition & behavior using principles of natural selection (8, 159-160) How does it explain cultural differences and especially gender differences (175-180)?- Natural selection:o The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive & reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations (159)- Gender roles:o A set of behavior expectations (norms) for males & females (181-185)- Gender differences Aggression (173)- Behavior intended to hurt Interconnectedness (169-171) Empathy- Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes Sensitivity to non-verbal cues, etc.- Androgyny:o “Andro” meaning man and “gyn” meaning woman; the mix of masculine and feminine features (181)o Capable in assertiveness & nurturance- Individualism:o The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals & defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification (conformity-225)- Collectivism:o Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly (conformity-222)- Role:o A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave (220-222)- Sexualityo Gender differences, universal norms etc.Chapter 6- Conformity:o A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure (191-226)- Compliance:o Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request while privately disagreeing 192-256- Acceptance:o Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure (192)- Norms: (207-208)o Standards for acceptance & expected behavior- Sherif: the light studyo Norm formation: 193-197o Autokinetic effect: Self-motion. The apparent movement of stationary light (193)- Asch: 197-198o Group pressure/line comparison study- Milgram's obedience studieso Obedience: Acting in accord with a direct order or command (192)- Group size (211, 279)o A small group can have a large effecto 3-5 people will elicit more conformity compared to just 1 or 2o Increasing the group size beyond 5 diminishes the power- Unanimity:o The groups unanimity deflates its social powero People will usually voice their own convictions if just one person has also differed from the majority- Cohesion: (213)o A “we fleeing”; the extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one anothero More likely to comply to request from people similar to you o Straight man would have a better sway than a gay man arguing for gay rights- Statuso Higher-status people tend to have more impact- Normative influence: (216-217, 288-289)o Conformity based on a person’s desire to fulfill others’ expectations, often to gain acceptance - Informational influence: (216-217, 288)o Conformity occurring when people accept evidence about reality provided by other people- Mass psychogenic illness- Gender & Cultural differences in conformity- Reactance: (222-223)o A motive to protect or restore one’s sense of freedom. Usually arises when someone threatens our freedom of action- Romeo and Juliet EffectChapter 7- Who says what to whom- Credibility and trustworthiness- Attractiveness- Central route vs. Peripheral route- One-sided vs. Two-sided appeals- Primacy vs. Recency effect- Fear communication- Mere exposure effect- Mindless vs. mindful persuasion- Two-step flow of communication- Subliminal advertising- Cult indoctrination- 7 steps to becoming a cult