PSYC 3221 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Social Psychology Chapter 2 Social Thinking Self Concept who am I Do we have self insight self awareness Duality of the self self concept vs self awareness Social selves self monitoring Do animals have a sense of self Culture and self individualism vs collectivism H Triandis Self Esteem Reactions to negative moods The good and bad of self esteem Self Discrepancy Theory Higgins 1989 Self domains Actual self Ideal self Ought self Standpoints on the self personal vs significant other Perceived self control Locus of control Self efficacy Dimensions of causality internal external stable unstable controllable uncontrollable Weiner s attribution model Learned helplessness versus self determination Self serving bias Explanations for positive and negative events Can we all be better than average Unrealistic optimism Pollyanna principle False consensus and uniqueness Other self serving tendencies Self serving bias Reflections on self efficacy and self serving bias The self serving bias as adaptive The self serving bias as maladaptive Self presentation Impression management Self presentation strategies Ingratiation Intimidation Self promotion Supplication Self handicapping False modesty Chapter 3 Social Beliefs Judgments Explaining others Attribution Theory Heider 1958 Dispositional vs situational attributions Inferring traits Commonsense attributions Correspondent Inference Theory Jones and Davis 1965 Non common effects more salient than common effects General Expectations Social Desirability Category Based Expectations Social Roles Covariation Model Kelley 1967 Consensus how others behave in same situation Distinctiveness how person behaves in other similar situations Consistency how person behaved previously in same situation Kelley 1967 Continued Weiner s Attribution Model Locus determined by Kelley model internal vs external Stability affects expectations of future behavior Controllability affects inferences about responsibility and emotions of anger or sympathy for example Fundamental Attribution Error Ross 1977 underestimate the situation and overestimate dispositions Jones and Harris 1967 Castro study Explaining others cont Explaining the FAE Perspective and situational awareness Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic Culture differences Actor Observer Difference Jones and Nisbett 1972 How fundamental is the FAE Correspondence Bias Constructing interpretations and memories Perceiving and interpreting events Priming activating associations in memory Heuristics mental short cuts The availability heuristic Counterfactual thinking Representative heuristic Ignoring base rate information Anchoring and adjustment heuristic Constructing interpretations and memories Confirmation bias Belief perseverance Illusory correlation Illusion of control Self fulfilling beliefs Teacher expectations and student performance Getting from others what we expect Chapter 4 Behaviors Attitudes 3 types of Attitude Antecedents Attitude Behavioral processes Affective processes Cognitive processes When do attitudes predict behavior Minimizing social influences on expressed attitudes Bogus Pipeline Minimizing other influences on behavior Examining attitudes specific to the behavior Making attitudes potent Does behavior determine attitudes Role playing Zimbardo s Stanford prison study 1971 College students assigned to be prisoners and other as prison guards Prisoners were given uniforms extreme stress reactions Prison guards became abusive Study was cancelled because it go out of control Saying becomes believing Healthy college students Method acting The foot in the door phenomenon low balling Sales tactic Get someone to agree to a small request hoping they will later agree to a larger request later Commitment happens gradually Evil acts attitudes They must deserve it Justifying the bad behavior Interracial behavior and attitudes More positive attitudes lead to less residence Small behaviors can lead to attitude changes Social movements PC politically correct Why does behavior affect attitudes Cognitive Dissonance Theory Festinger 1957 Festinger and Carlsmith 1959 We don t like to feel like hypocrite we like to justify out consistent behavior Unpleasant state of psychological arousal like guilt or shame Perceive myself as an honest person but we lie to someone that uncomfortable that is CD We want to get rid of that state by changing what you did or change your belief don t lie or become a liar already have an attitude in place you act differently in a situation your internal or external reaction Reducing dissonance Insufficient justification External vs internal justification Being paid 1 vs 20 to lie to someone about how fun a study is External 20 people are ok with it because they got paid for it Internal 1 changed their attitude convincing themselves that it was a fun study even if they didn t believe that because they lied Low dissonance vs High dissonance see figure New look at dissonance theory Cooper and Fazio 1984 Dissonance after decisions buyer s remorse Once you make the decision there might be some remorse but CD says that you re going to change your attitude to like the car because you spent so much on it Cognitive Dissonance cont Moral decisions Ex cheating or not Cheated Attitudes about fidelity changes internal changes happen to justify their decision Didn t Cheat judge people who do cheat harsher Justification of effort Insufficient punishment Avoiding doing something to not be punished doesn t change their attitudes using threats of harsh punishment Overjustification effect Too much external reward for something Reason you re playing baseball is for the money If you re getting paid you think you re doing it because you enjoy it Example paying kids when they get good grades is a bad idea Liking our beneficiaries and hating our victims Self perception theory D Bem 1972 Attitude formation if you see me eating sushi you assume I like sushi no discomfort in this theory compared to CD If I eat a lot of sushi I must like it When you starting doing a lot of one thing you start to assume that you must like this particular thing Comparing the two theories Self Affirmation Theory Steele 1988 Sustaining the integrity of the self Dissonance decreased by affirming self worth Kicked a puppy feel bad about it now more likely to give a homeless man money to make yourself feel better about kicking the puppy Minimize dissonance by doing this