Crm Jst 271 1st edition Lecture 20 Outline of Current Lecture Ch 12 Diversity I Diversity a Generally diverse police departments are believed to be more effective than one that is not b Evidence regarding impact of diversity falls into two categories i Testimonial evidence ii Empirical evidence 1 How do these two forms of evidence differ II Racial Minorities in Policing a Historically racial minorities had very minimal access to policing jobs i There has however been a notable increase wince WWII ii But most departments are still not racially representative b African American police were not treated equally i In what ways were African American officers not treated equally c The Civil Rights movement led to the belief that the inclusion of more minority officers into police forces would be beneficial Performance of African American police i Evidence has been mixed 1 Some indicates that black officers have actually been harder on black citizens than have white officers aka double marginality 2 Numerous benefits of racially mixed policing teams a What benefits have such teams produced III Women in Policing a Despite progress women remain significantly underrepresented in policing i Due in part to the fact that the crime fighter image does not coincide with perceptions of acceptable female behavior These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute b Prior to the 1950 s women police were limited to social welfare assignments e g juvenile and family problems c 1972 amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 required police departments to eliminate discriminatory hiring and job assignments d Performance of women officers has received much attention i Women are believed to be able to change policing because they are presumed to be less aggressive more nurturing 1 Early evaluations found they policed in a highly satisfactory manner 2 Further studies found men and women officers policed similarly a Women however were less aggressive committed less misconduct 3 Contemporary research has concluded that the assumption of female officers as feminine is overly simplistic however IV Affirmative Action a The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders 1968 suggested that departments should intensify their efforts on minority recruitment minority supervisory representation i This attempt is known as an affirmative action plan ii Such plans played a meaningful role in employment trends 1 Impact on recruitment of females is less clear however V Equal Employment Opportunity a Legal challenges to discrimination in employment are brought under one of the following i Equal protection of the laws clause of the 14 th Amendment ii Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 b Scholars have suggested that resistance to affirmative action efforts exists due to support of civil service merit system c Griggs v Duke Power Co 1971 i What was the significance of this decision VI Reverse Discrimination a The question surrounding efforts to increase representation of minorities is how to do so fairly i Detroit Police Officers Association v Young 1978 ii US v Paradise 1987 iii Ricci v DeStefano 2009 VII Increasing Diversity in Police Departments a Positive strides have been made in recent decades but not everywhere and not nearly to the extent that is necessary b Promotional opportunities differ across jurisdictions i Wide variation exists in promotional practices among police departments ii Best records of promoting minority officers are those in cities that have large minority populations and minority leadership in the mayor s office VIII Integration of Minorities and Women into Policing a Progress has been made but the question of treatment on the job still remains b A number of meaningful issues exist for women officers i Police culture ii Defeminization iii Policewoman versus Policewoman iv Structural characteristics v Pregnancy and maternity vi Sexual harassment