CRM JST 271 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Chapter: 13 - 16DefinitionsCh. 8 – Field OperationsBias crime: a crime that is racially or sexually motivated; a hate crimeComputer-aided dispatch: a system that includes call taking, dispatching, and call disposition. The system also includes resource management, allowing departments to map crimes and alert officers of past problems in that jurisdictionComputerized crime mapping: a computer generated map of crime information matched to a geographic area to help officers know where to concentrate their patrol activitiesCrackdowns: intensive, short-term increases in officer presence and arrests for the specific types of offenses or for all offenses in specific areasCrime suppression: control and prevention of crime through the actual or implied presence of policeDirected patrol: a proactive patrol method that uses uncommitted time for a specified activity and is based on crime and problem analysis. It utilizes computerized crime analysis and mapping to identify crime patterns and direct patrols to primary crime areas at primary crime timesDual arrest: in cases of domestic violence, the police arrest both parties involvedEnticement: a police activity that purposely encourages someone to commit a crimeEntrapment: police activity that purposely provides a person with the opportunity and intent to commit a crimeEvent analysis: refers to the police being aware of important dates, celebrations, anniversaries of events, and how these important dates may relate to upcoming situations. For example, the police need to be aware of the anniversary date of an act of terrorism and be alert to activity occurring on that dateField operations: consists primarily of patrol and investigations, but may also include units to handle traffic, crime prevention, victim assistance, and so onFollow-up investigation: an official inquiry generally conducted by a detectiveto develop a case; includes identifying and locating a suspect, possibly obtaining a confession, and disposing of the caseGeneral deterrence: patrol deterrence strategy focused on maximizing policeinterventions (e.g. attempting to reduce firearm violence by increasing motorvehicle stops for the purpose of seizing illegal weapons)Generalist: a police officer who performs a variety of activities, some of which could be assigned to a specialistHot spots: locations that have a greater amount of crime or disorder than other areasLaw enforcement: activities in which police make arrests, issue citations, conduct investigations and attempt to prevent or deter criminal activity. A primary function of patrol officersOrder maintenance: patrol goal that may or may not involve a violation of the law (usually minor), during which officers tend to use alternatives other than arrestProactive arrest: arrests that occur as a result of a police initiative to focus ona narrow set of high-risk targetsPreliminary investigation: an initial inquiry conducted by patrol officers for the purpose of establishing that a crime has been committed and to protect the scene of the crime from those not involved in the inquiryPrimary aggressor laws: laws that encourage police officers to determine which of the parties in an intimate partner violence situation is truly the offender or primary aggressorProactive: creating or controlling a situation by causing something to happenrather than responding to it after it has happenedQuality-of-life policing: police strategy that targets the reduction of physical and social disorder so that community members will work together to promote neighborhood safety, and concomitantly reduce crimeReactive: reactive police work is characterized by police responses to incidents when assistance is specifically requested by citizensSocial services: police responsibilities that involve taking reports and providinginformation and assistance to the public; everything from helping a stranded motorist to checking Grandma’s house to make sure she is all rightSpecialist: a police officer who performs a particular kind of activity such as investigation, as distinguished from a generalistSpecific deterrence: patrol deterrence strategy focused on targeted police interventions (e.g., attempting to reduce firearm violence by targeting and stopping suspicious-looking motorists for the purpose of seizing illegal weapons)Target-oriented: a concept used by police officers to assess likely targets in their districts. A target-oriented approach monitors not only obvious placesand persons who might be of danger, but also safe areas that may be vulnerable to disruptionCh. 9 – Behavior MisconductAbuse of authority: misuse of power by police that tends to injure a member of the police constituency. It can take the form of excessive physical force, psychological abuse, or violation of civil rightsDiscretion: the decision-making latitude of the police on whether to invoke legal sanctions. It may include the decision to investigate or not, to arrest or not, or to pursue or notEconomic corruption: the breaking of the law by officers in order to seek personal financial gain; for example, keeping drug money confiscated from dealersGrass eaters: police officers who accept graft when it comes their way but donot actively solicit opportunities for graft, as distinct from meat eatersGratuity: something of value, such as free or reduced-cost beverages or meals, discount buying privileges, free admission to athletic events or movies, gifts, and small rewards. Most commonly it is beverages or meals. Some officers accept such gratuities from the publicIn-group solidarity: a closeness and loyalty among officers brought about by the perceived danger of police work, the close-knit working relations among officers, concerns that outsiders cannot be trusted, and a common basis of patrol activityLegalistic style: policing that insists on enforcing the law in maintaining orderMeat eaters: police officers who actively solicit opportunities for financial gain and are involved in more widespread and serious corruption than grass eatersNoble-case corruption: the abandonment of ethical and legal means in order to achieve good ends. Police may use both violence and subjugation of rightsif they are more concerned about the noble-cause – getting bad guys off the streets, protecting victims and children – than about the morality of technically legal behaviorOccupational deviance: illegal behavior by an officer in the course of work or under