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UW-Milwaukee CRMJST 271 - Police Strategy - Types of Policing
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CRM JST 271 1st Edition Lecture 7I. Strategic Developmenta. Given landmark studies and other research findings, a variety of strategic efforts were developed, focusing on (next four slides):b. Improving Crime-Control Effectivenessi. Improving impact:1. Crime analysis2. Directed patrol3. Differential response programs4. Case screening5. Problem-oriented policingc. Improving Police-Community Relationsi. The most important aspects of community policing was its attention to improving police-minority relations1. Difficult due to long history of discrimination2. Emphasized importance of communication and mutual understanding3. Adoption of foot patrol to encourage more intimate understandinga. Newark replication of Kansas City experiment with focus on footpatrol: foot patrol doesn’t decrease crime, but it does decrease community fear of crime.4. Broken-windows thesisd. Improving Professionalismi. Standards for police hiring increased1. Examples: 6 foot fence jump; psychological testingii. Police training efforts were also improved1. What improvements were made: include mental health?iii. Technological and equipment advancementsiv. Implementation of standards, certification, and accreditationv. Attention to legitimacy and innovatione. Developing Evidence-Based Practicesi. Police practices have also been guided by evidence1. Idea that police should adopt practices with most evidence of supportii. If police do not follow this principle, then they are:1. Not as effective as they could be2. Wasting resources on ineffective strategies and programsiii. Requires both commitment to most effective practices AND willingness to sponsor ongoing evaluations and researchf. Strategic Alternativesi. A variety of strategic alternatives to traditional approaches to policing were adopted during the 1980’s and 1990’s1. Community policing2. POP3. Intelligence-led policing4. Predictive policingII. Community policinga. The emphasis on community policing began in the 1980’si. Attempt to harness the advantages of foot patrol with an emphasis on broken windowsb. Office of Community Oriented Policing (COPS) in 2009c. There exist 3 major dimensions of Community Policingi. Philosophical dimensionii. Strategic dimensioniii. Tactical dimensionIII. Problem-Oriented Policinga. Similar to community oriented policing, emphasis began in 1980’sb. It exists of four steps, which together form the SARA modeli. Careful identification of the problemii. Careful analysis of the problemiii. A search for alternative solutions to the problemiv. Implementation and assessment of a response to the problemc. Importantly, it is characterized by several important featuresi. Should be standard operating procedure for policingii. Should be empiricaliii. Should involve collaboration across agencies whenever possibleiv. Should incorporate community input/participation whenever possiblev. Should be practiced by personnel throughout the ranksd. Seeks tailored response to community problemsIV. Intelligence-led Policinga. Emphasizes the use of “real-time” crime analysisb. Demands more centralization and information and decision-making than is common in American policingi. As well as more analytical capacityc. Three factors account for the development of this style since the 1990’s:i. Technological improvements in police data systemsii. The terrorist events of 9/11iii. The new managerial philosophy that emphasizes top-down direction in controlV. Predictive Policinga. The primary aim of predictive policing is anticipationb. Uses data to do the following:i. React more quickly to incidents and patternsii. Predict events in the hope of preventing or acting preemptivelyc. This makes stopping crime more than just a dreamd. On the flip side, however, there are philosophical and legal concerns that follow predictive policing effortsi. What concerns might arise?VI. What works in policinga. Evidence!b. There are weaknesses and strengths in all the strategies we’ve just


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