CRM JST 271 1st Edition Lecture 20Ch. 15 – Emerging IssuesI. Changes in American Societya. There are a variety of societal changes that have a direct impact on policing nationwidei. One such change is the aging population1. Why is this relevant? In what ways does this change affect policing?b. In addition to the aging population, increasing cultural diversity is also influencing policei. Growth and change involve relocation of many kinds of peopleii. Dynamic changes in ethnicity will confront Americans in the 21st centuryiii. Greater demand for police to help people work togetheriv. Religious differencesc. Economic conditions also affect crime and thus police behavior, so recent changes have proved particularly meaningfuli. Employment markets are much more global today than in the pastii. The participation of women in employmentiii. Unemployment rateiv. Poverty ratev. Income inequalityII. Immigration and Migrationa. Another factor is population immigration and migration, which result in large demographic variations across states/regionsi. Concentration of elderly in different statesii. Proportion of a states’ population that is foreignIII. Modern Problemsa. Of course, problems facing the police will change over timeb. Difficult to forecast, but four issues are presently evident:i. Recent crime trendsii. Cyber crimeiii. Eyewitness identificationiv. Shrinking budgetsIV. Modern Technologya. Technological advancements have had a lasting impact on policing over the yearsb. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center helps agencies successfully adapt to new technologiesc. Importantly, not all new technologies are beneficial, and sometimes have unanticipated consequencesd. One category of technological change concerns crime detection and crime solvingi. What is the difference between the two?1. Devices to detect drugs2. Cameras that can record illegal behavior3. Latent fingerprint analysis4. DNA analysisa. Which of these is an example of crime-solving technologye. A number of technological breakthroughs might be “game changers” for police in the futurei. Weapon detectionii. Drug detectioniii. Drug identificationiv. Intoxication detection and measurementv. Rapid DNA testingvi. Lie detectionf. Not surprisingly, crime-detection and solving technologies raise a host of civil liberty issuesi. E.g. the federal government’s eavesdroppingg. Various technologies are already extending police surveillancei. Surveillance cameras (CCTV)ii. Fixed automated license plate readersiii. Cell phonesh. Unmanned aerial vehicles are currently causing public angsti. Police communications equipment has become increasingly powerful, smaller, and more reliable in recent decadesj. Interoperability is an important contemporary issuei. This refers to the capacity of units/agencies to communicate with each other and share digital informationk. Global positioning systems (GPS) have recently advanced policing (In what way?)l. Interestingly, social media has been adopted by many departments as well (Why?)V. Long-Term Trendsa. It is necessary to forecast significant trends that are likely to be consequential for policing in the futureb. 4 such trends are directly connected to modern policingi. Collaborationii. Privatizationiii. Federalizationiv. Militarization1. Of what relevance is each of these trends?VI. Competing Police Strategiesa. Terrorism and homeland security have dominated discussions of public safety in Americasince 9/11b. It impacted policing directly and indirectly through:i. New legislation and reorganization of the federal governmentii. Changes national funding prioritiesiii. Need for authorities to improve intelligence analysis and