CRM JST 271 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters: 1-7Ch. 1 is skipped in the study guide because the info is covered in CRM JST 110 and Burgos had stated to not read thechapter explicitly. This is not an exhaustive list of everything possible thing that would be on the exam, but a lot of detail on what was discussed at the review on Tuesday. Remember to look over all notes!Definitions:Nightwatch: Group of citizens patrolling at night looking for fires and other problemsSheriffs: levied fines and ensured that the frankpledge system worked (appointed by the king in 12th century England)Frankpledge system: the early system of policing with nightwatches, sheriffs, constables, etc.Constable: mandated to assist the sheriff, they conducted investigations, served warrants, took charge of prisoners, etc.SARA: Scan, Analyze, Respond, AssessAssessment Center: The evaluation of an individual’s potential to perform in a managerial capacity.Key Components:Goals of Policing:Goals vary depending on the type of policing being used, such as Problem-Oriented Policing (POP), Evidence-Based Policing (EBP), Community-Oriented Policing (COP), and Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP). POP relies on fixing problems, EBP focuses on adopting strategies that have been proven to be successful, COP relies heavily on community input and actions, while ILP incorporates intelligence analysis in the deployment of both specialized units and regular patrol officers. Types of Agencies:State Police, FBI, Secret Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, DEA, IRS, US Customs and Border Protection, US Marshals, US Park Police, US Park Rangers, Task forces, Special Jurisdiction Police, Consolidated agencies. Most common type of agency is the Municipal Police.Legal Terms:Affidavit: a written oath establishing probable cause to obtain a search warrant; an officer describes exactly what is to be seized and exactly what is to be searched.Warrant: a document issued by a legal or government official authorizing the police or some other body to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out some other action relating to the administration of justice.Exclusionary Rule: refers to a legal remedy created by the Supreme Court as a response to evidence obtained in conflict with the Constitution of the United States where such evidence may not be introduced at criminal trial to determine guilt.Color of Law: the misuse of power possessed by an individual who is a state actor and derives power from the government.Peelian Principles:a. Police must be stable, efficient, organized along military linesb. Police must be under government controlc. The absence of crimed. The distribution of crime news is essential (crime should never be a secret; community can help reduce crime)e. Essential to deploy police strength by time and areaf. No quality is more indispensable to a policeman than a perfect command of temper; a quiet, determined manner has more effect than violent actiong. Good appearance commands respecth. The securing and training of proper persons is at the root of efficiencyi. Public security demands that every officer be given a numberj. Police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessiblek. Policemen should be hired on a probationary basisl. Police records are necessary to the right distribution of police strengthTheories:- Class-control: advocates that urban and industrial growth coincided with the development of the new police. Promoted middle and upper classes, while “controlling” the lower class- Crime-control: suggests that increases in criminal activity resulted in a perceived need for a new type of police. - Disorder-control: explains development in terms of the need to suppress mob violence- Urban-dispersion: holds that many municipal police departments were created because other cities had them, not because there was a real need- Broken-Windows: based on a hypothesis that when low levels of disorder and deviance are not held in check, then more serious types of crime are likely to follow. I.e. when signs of disorder and deviance (such as a broken window) are ignored, incidents of violence and delinquency will increase, leading to more serious crime problems.- Contingency: based on open-systems theory and recognizes that there are many internaland external factors that influence organizational behavior. There is no one “best” way to organize and manage diverse types of police departments.- Systems: all parts of a system (organization) are interrelated and dependent on one another. This allows managers to understand that any changes made in their unit will have a corresponding impact on other units.Eras:I. Historical/Early Policing: known as kin policing, where the family/clan/tribe enforced informal and customary rules, or norms, of conduct. Included a nightwatch, sheriffs, the frankpledge system, a constable, which evolved into the constable-nightwatch system.II. Political: politics influenced every aspect of law enforcement during this period. Police jobs became an important part of this political patronage system. Police derived their own authority, engaged in a variety of functions, had a decentralized organizational structure, had close and personal relationships with the citizens, tactics included foot patrol and investigation, evaluated by citizens’ level of satisfaction.III. Reform: established the foundations for the professionalization of law enforcement. Professionalization entails an attempt to improve police behavior and performance by adopting a code of ethics and improving selection, training, and management of police departments. IV. Community/Crime Control: current model of policing, where the community is involved and an emphasis on crime control is prevalent. Not all policing across the country is involved in strict community or strict crime-control models, but rather, combinations of both. Research:- Kansas City PD: study on response-time. Showed that police could respond differently to different calls, as not all have the same level of importance, effectively saving police time. The citizens’ satisfaction does not decrease as long as they know the approximate arrival times of their calls.- Madison PD: Results:o Participatory management in a PD is possible, and produces more satisfied workers as wello Decentralization contributed significantly to the creation of the new management styleo Changing one part of the organization should be done before