KIN 123 1st Edition Lecture 14Current LectureImmunity and Infection- Transmitted through a chain of infectiono Pathogen: Disease-causing microorganismo Reservoir: Natural environment of the pathogen Can be a person, an animal, or an environmental componento Portal of exito Means of transmissiono Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation through mouth or nose Ingestiono New host- The body’s defense systemo Physical and chemical barrierso The immune system The inflammatory response - Histamine causes the dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness and swelling- Draws white blood cells to the area to attack invaders  The immune response- Natural (innate) response- Acquired (adaptive) response  Immunization - Immunization: process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen- Vaccines introduce a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies- Allergy o Allergies result from a hypersensitive and overactive immune systemo The allergic response Histamine: released by mast cells, causes inflammatory response Anaphylaxis: Most serious, but rare, kind of allergic reactiono Dealing with allergies Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy- Factors contributing to emerging infections These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Drug resistanceo Povertyo Breakdown of public health measureso Environmental eventso Travel and commerceo Mass food production and distributiono Human behaviorso Bioterrorism- Supporting your immune systemo Eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weighto Get enough sleepo Exercise, but not when you’re sicko Don’t smokeo Moderation of alcoholo Wash your hands frequentlyo Avoid contact with contagious peopleo Practice safe sex and don’t inject drugso Receive all recommended vaccinationsEnvironmental Health- Grew out of efforts to control communicable diseases- United States developed a huge, complex health system designed to deal with these critical health concerns:o Natural disasterso Human-made disasters- Seen as encompassing all the interactions of humans with their environment and the health consequences of these interactions- Our responsibility- Population growth and controlo United Nations projects that the world population will reach 9.3 billion by 2050 o How many people can the world support? Already exceed earth’s resource capacity by 20 percent Food Available land and water Energy Minimum acceptable standard of living- Air quality and pollution o Indoor air pollution Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) Carbon monoxide and other combustion by-productso Preventing air pollution and conserving energy Cut back on driving Keep your car well maintained Buy energy-efficient appliances Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs Make sure home is well-insulated Plant and care for trees Properly remove waste Tightly seal paints, cleaning agents, and other chemicals Clean and inspect chimneys, furnaces, and other appliances- Water quality and pollution o Water contamination and treatment  Many parts of the world lack enough safe, clean drinking water, but few things are more important to human health Most water goes to water-treatment plants before being piped into the community  Most U.S. water systems provide adequate, dependable supplies, are able to control disease, and provide water that tastes pleasanto Protecting the water supply  Take showers, not baths Install sink faucet aerators and water-efficient showerheads Water-saver toilets Fix any leaky faucets Do not flush old medications  Don’t pour toxic material down the drain- Reducing solid wasteo Buy products with the least packagingo Buy recycled or recyclable productso Avoid using foam or paper cups o Use glass to store foodo Recycle paper, plastic, glass, aluminum, newspapers, and other recyclableso Do not throw away electronic items or batteries—recycle themo Start a compost pile- Chemical pollution and hazardous waste o Asbestos Mineral-based compound Fibers can lodge in the lungs, causing asbestosis, lung cancer, and other serious lung diseaseso Lead When ingested or inhaled, can damage the CNS, cause permanent mental impairment, digestive problems, and possibly deatho Pesticideso Mercury Affects nervous system, brain, kidneys, and hearto Other chemical pollutants- Radiationo Can come in many different forms and from different sources Medical uses of radiation- X-rayso Cell Phones and Radono Avoiding radiation Only get X-rays when necessary Use sunscreen to protect yourself from UV rays Avoid tanning beds- Noise pollution o Prolonged exposure to sounds above 80 to 85 decibels can cause permanent hearing loss Workplaces Sporting events Concertso Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Sets legal standards for noise in the workplaceo Ways to avoid exposing yourself to excessive noise Wear ear protection around noisy machinery When listening to music with headphones, keep the volume at 6 or below (with range of 1–10)  Avoid loud