KIN 123 1st Edition Lecture 13Chapter 12; Cardiovascular Disease- Introductiono Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Leading cause of death in the US Affects nearly 81 million Americans Claims one life every 37 seconds About 2400 Americans every day CVD is primarily due to our way of life- Cardiovascular system:o Heart, blood vesselso The blood vessels: Veins- carry blood back to the heart  Thin wallso Arteries  Carry blood away from the heart Thick elastic walls which expand and relax with the volume of blood Coronary arteries - Two large arteries that supply blood to the heart Capillaries- one cell thick- Thin walled to allow exchange of gaseso A 150lb person has about 5quarts of blood which circulates about once each minuteo Systole- the hearts contraction, the atria/ventricles are pumping the blood out of the heart and to the bodyo Diastole-the period of relaxation, the ventricles/atria are filling back up with bloodo Pulmonary circulation Right side of the heart pumps blood to and from the lungso Systemic circulation Left side of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body - Risk factors for cardiovascular diseaseo Two categories of increased CVD  Major risk factors Contributing risk factors- Controllable aspects of lifestyle that can’t be changed  Major risk factors that can be changed- American Heart Association identified 6 of theseo Tobacco useo High blood pressureo High levels of cholesterol o Physical inactivityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Obesity o Diabetes  Major risk factors that can’t be changed- Heredity-CVD has a genetic component; high cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity - Aging- over the age of 65 the risk is higher- Being male- men have a higher risk earlier in life- Ethnicity- African Americans have a higher risk of hypertension, Hispanics have a greater risk of high blood pressure and angina, Asians have lower rates of CVD Contributing risk factors that can be changed- High triglyceride levels o Reliable predictor of heart disease- Psychological and social factorso Stress, chronic hostility and anger, suppressing psychological distress, depression, anxiety, social isolation, low SES- Alcohol and drugs- Major forms of CVDo Atherosclerosis- narrowing of arteries by fatty deposits  Starts during childhood Coronary artery disease (CAD) Peripheral arterial diseaseo Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Heart tissue is damaged and part of it may die from lack of blood (oxygen) American heart association-- 600,000 people have a first heart attack each year- 320,000 people have recurrent attack- 190,000 people suffer a symptomless or “silent” heart attack each year Heart attack symptoms may include:- Chest pain or pressure- Arm, neck, or jaw pain- Difficulty breathing- Excessive sweating- Nausea and vomiting - Loss of consciousness o Angina- arteries narrowed by disease, ok at rest but under stress heart cannot receive enough oxygen  Angina pectoris  Usually felt as extreme tightness in the chest and heavy pressure behind the breastbone or in the shoulder, neck, arm, hand, or back o Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death- Electrical conduction system is disrupted - Detecting and treating heart diseaseo Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)o Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT)o Echocardiograph – sound waveso Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)o Nuclear myocardial perfusion imagingo Positron Emission Tomography (PET)o Angiogramo Balloon Angioplastyo Coronary Bypass Surgery- Stroke or Cardiovascular Accident (CVA)o 780,000 Americans suffer strokes each yearo 2 million brain cells die per minute during a stroke.o Ischemic stroke – blockage in blood vessels Thrombotic stroke clot forms in a cerebral artery; hypertension Embolic Stroke - wandering blood cloto Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel ruptures in the brain Intracerebral hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage Aneurysmo The effects of a stroke  Interruption of the blood supply to any area of the brain prevents the nerve cellsfrom functioning, in some cases causing death Those who survive generally have some lasting disability- Paralysis- Walking disability- Speech impairment- Memory loss- Changes in behavioro Detecting and treating stroke Promote recognition of symptoms - Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, or one side of the body- Loss of speech or difficulty speaking- Dimming or loss of vision in one eye- Unexplained dizziness in relation to other symptoms - Transient ischemic attack (TIA)o Temporary stroke like symptoms.- Computed tomography (CT)- MRI- Ultrasound- Drugs- Carotid endarterectomy surgery – plaque is removed from the artery- Rehabilitationo Physical therapyo Speech and Language therapyo Occupational therapy- Protecting yourself against CVDo Eat heart-healthyo Decreased fat and cholesterol Total fats less than 30% of total calories  Low saturated fatso Increased fiber intakeo Decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intakeo Moderation of alcoholo Moderate physical activity o Avoid tobaccoo Know and manage your blood pressure (measured once every 2 years)o Effective means of controlling stress and