KIN 123 1st Edition Lecture 6Pregnancy- Background informationo Pregnancy is measured in weeks, beginning with the first day of the last menstrual periodo Estimated due dates are typically at 40 weekso Ovulation typically occurs 2 weeks after LMP, so for weeks 1 and 2 you are not really pregnanto It takes another 6-12 days after ovulation for a fertilized egg to implant in the uterus, which is when hCG begins being produced by the body- Pregnancy Testso Pregnancy tests detect the hormone hCGo hCG levels begin to rise after implantationo recommendation is to test no earlier than 7-10 days after ovulationo false negatives are common if you test too earlyo false positives are very rareo at home pregnancy tests come in many different varieties , but they all work the same way- what causes a twin pregnancyo 1 egg, 1 sperm-identical twins generally share a placenta, but different amniotic sacso 2 eggs, 2 sperms-fraternal twins Separate placentas- Health problems with mother involved in carrying multiple childreno Each additional fetus increases mother’s risko Increases risk of premature or low weight babieso Puts additional physical stress on mothero Common for twins to come early, and triplets to come even earlier- Ages of pregnancy in womeno Peak age being 20s to 30so 35 is cut off point where one is considered to be in a late maternal stage- Determining sex and genetic disabilities of the babyo 10 weeks: test for down syndrome, sex, and other genetic conditions by isolating fetal DNA from mother’s blood, usually only offered to women of high risko 10-12 weeks: CVS sampling tests tissue from placenta (chance of causing a miscarriage)o 11-13 weeks: ultrasound combined with blood tests screen for risk of down syndrome and some other birth defectso 15-20 weeks: amniocentesis tests amniotic fluid (change of causing a miscarriage)o 18-22 weeks: anatomy ultrasound screens for physical abnormalitiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Exercising while pregnanto Avoid activities with danger of fallingo After 20 weeks one may want to avoid abdominal exercises and those that require lying on backo Listen to your bodyo Monitor intensityo Stay well hydrated - Symptoms of pregnancyo Depending on the women, all of these or none of these may occur Fatigue Dizziness upon standing Sleep problems Nausea Constipation or other digestive irregularities Breast/nipple tenderness Increased breast size Missed menstrual periodo Morning sickness Not all women experience this, but it’s very common Ranges from nonemildsevere Some pharmaceutical treatments are available Can result in dehydrationo Mood swings Crying more and over “nothing” is common Vary upon individuals- Trouble sleepingo In late pregnancy it can be difficult to get comfortableo It’s common to wake up multiple times a night to use the bathroomo Varies greatly with indivuduals- When do you start showing? What affects this?o Most commonly between 3-5 monthso May be earlier with subsequent pregnancieso May depend on body type, baby’s position, and clotheso Noticeable to the pregnant woman herself before it is noticeable to those who do not know her well - Effects of various substances during pregnancyo Alcohol Causes physical and mental disabilities Most severe form is called fetal alcohol syndrome Currently some controversy on if “just a little” alcohol is oko Marijuana Prevents oxygen and food from getting to the baby Impairs baby’s growth and brain developmento Tobacco May cause miscarriage, still birth, or infant death Increases chances of premature delivery, dangerously low birth weight, and childhood asthma, respiratory and ear infections o Anti-depressants Some risk of birth defects including malformation of limbs, heart, and lungs Some are safer than others; must balance risks and benefitso Caffeine Limit to less than 200mg per day Large doses may increase risk of miscarriage and effect baby’s heart rateo Pain killers Tylenol is considered safe Aspirin is relatively safe, but may cause maternal and fetal bleeding NSAIDS such as ibuprofen may increase risk of birth defects, particularly if taken late in pregnancy Morphine, codeine, and similar have not been linked to elevated risk of malformations, but there may be neonatal withdrawal symptomso What foods are good to eat and what should be avoided Healthy: fruits, veggies, whole grains, protein, calcium Risky: same things that would be unhealthy for us, but it’s important to be more careful because small amounts that wouldn’t normally affect you will affect the baby “eating for 2”-not two adults- 1st trimester-100 extra calories per day- 2nd and 3rd trimesters- 300 extra calories per dayo Miscarriages/still births, why do they happen and can they be prevented: Many possible answers- Hormone levels- Smoking or other unhealthy behaviors- Chromosomal defect- Bad luck Avoid unhealthy behaviors, get prenatal care, but recognize that most of the time there is nothing that could have been doneo Development of the baby: 5 weeks: heart begins to beat 10 weeks: finger and toenails forming, vital organs start to function 14 weeks: kidneys producing urine (waste released into amniotic fluid) 19 weeks: baby can hear your heartbeat sounds from outside 28 weeks: baby may be dreaming, has eyelashes and eyesight is improvingChildbirth- How early/late can a baby be born?o See chart in ppto Commonly between 38-42 weeks- How painful is childbirth?o Painfulo Can mitigate pain through Breathing techniques Relaxation techniques Epidural-very popular, very common, not completely without risk- Can slow down labor Other medications- Which directions do babies come out?o Ideally head firsto Breech presentation-head is last Complete breech Incomplete breech Frank breech- How long does it take to deliver a baby?o Minutes, hours, or days!o Fastest with c-sectionso Usually slower for first time mothers Early labor may last 6-12 hours Active labor may last up to 8 hours Pushing baby out may take a few minutes or several hours Delivery of baby is followed by delivery of placenta-considered 3rd stage of delivery- Cesarean sectiono Reasons Doctor thinks vaginal delivery would be dangerous to mom and or baby-