BIO 240 Dr. Gilley Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Intro to Skeletal Muscles of the Body A. Quick factsB. 4 Functional GroupsC. Muscle terminologyD. Skeletal muscles to know – Muscles of the headE. Head musclesOutline of Current LectureI. Nervous System  The master controlling and communicating system of the body. Nervous cells communicate by electrical or chemical signals. A. 3 BROAD functions B. Nervous System Divisions1. Structural2. FunctionalC. Cell types of the Nervous System Current LectureI. Nervous System  The master controlling and communicating system of the body. Nervous cells communicate by electrical or chemical signals. A. 3 BROAD functions 1. Integration  Thinking and processing; occurs in the brain. 2. Sensory  Vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. 3. Motor  Action. Works hand and hand with integration for movement. B. Nervous System Divisions1. Structural Divisions:i. Central Nervous System  The brain and spinal chord. ii. Peripheral Nervous System  Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (allthe nerves of the body).a. We have 12 pairs of cranial nerves. b. We have 31 pairs of spinal nerves.c. The spinal chord bulges at the top and the bottom. The bulge at the top is the cervical enlargement and the bulge at the bottom is the lumbar enlargement. i. This is because the nerves coming off of the cervical and lumbar regions have a longer way to goto innervate than do nerves in the thoracic region. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Cauda Equina  The branching tail at the base of the spinal chord that innervates the lower body. 2. Functional Divisionsi. Afferent Nervous System (Sensory) a. Special senses  Sight, smell, taste, and hearing. They are accomplished by cranial nerves. b. Somatosensory  The body’s sensory perception. Accomplished by spinal (mostly) and cranial nerves that detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. c. Viscerosensory  Spinal nerves that detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. For example, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and internally (like to your stomach).ii. Efferent Nervous System (Motor) a. Somatic N.S.  Under voluntary control. For example, the nerves plugging into your skeletal muscles. b. Autonomic N.S.  Under involuntary control. For example,the nerves plugging into your cardiac and smooth muscles,such as glands. c. Sympathetic N.S.  Branch of the ANS that is generally excitatory. For example, it speeds up heart rate, increases breathing rate, and increases sweating. On the other hand,it decreases some things, such as salivation and digestion, when energy needs to be used for the other things. It is also known as your fight or flight response.d. Parasympathetic N.S.  Branch of the ANS that is generally inhibitory. For example, slows down heart rate, and decreases breathing and sweating. On the other hand, increases digestion and salvation. Also known as the rest and digest. C. Cell types of the Nervous System1. Neurons  The only true cells of the nervous system that can elicit and transmit an impulse. i. Unipolar  Only carry sensory information for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.ii. Bipolar  Very rare in the body. Only carry sensory information for sight, hearing, taste, and smell. Can find them in the retina of the eye. iii. Multipolar  Motor neurons and interneurons. a. Are motor in the PNS and carry impulses away from the CNS.b. Interneurons (association neurons) Occur between motor and sensory neurons in the CNS, linking the sensory and motor nervous