Skeletal System – Axial SkeletonStudy Questions1. List the 6 functions of the SKELETEL SYSTEM.2. Name 4 cell types of the SKELETEL SYSTEM.3. Type of cell that is mitotic and g.r.t. osteoblast cells.4. Type of skeletal cells that are non-mitotic & secrets collagen & Ca+2salts?5. Type of cell osteoblasts g.r.t., are non-mitotic, and do NOT secrete collagen?6. Type of bone cell that breaks bone down (shapes it)?7. Where do osteoclasts come from?8. How do osteoclasts break down/ shape bone?9. __________ is the fundamental unit of compact bone.10. __________ makes up 35% of compact bone & gives it _________ & ____________.11. __________makes up 65% of compact bone & gives it strength against ___________.12. What causes “brittle” bones in older people?13. __________ is the fundamental unit of spongy bone.14. Name 4 bone morphologies:15. _____________ are weight bearing bones of the body.16. _____________ are the ends of long bones that are covered in articular cartilage.17. Shaft of long bones is known as:18. The cavity inside the diaphysis of long bones?19. ______________ is the lining of the medullary cavity.20. The ______________ consists of two layers that cover the diaphysis of bone.21. What is the outer layer of the periosteum made up of?22. What does the inner layer of the periosteum consist of?23. The epiphysis is primarily but not entirely made up of __________ bone.24. The epiphysis contains what type of bone marrow?25. The medullary cavity stores what type of bone marrow?26. ___________ marrow is specialized C.T. that is hemopoetic (blood producing).27. ___________ marrow is fat for energy storage.28. Purpose of having spongy bone?29. T/F. Flat bones contain both spongy bone and compact bone.30. Name 4 places in skeleton that you find flat bones.31. Main type of ossification seen in flat bones, & its starting material?32. Main type of ossification seen in long & short and its starting material.33. Primary ossification centers of hyaline cartilage grt to _______________.34. Secondary ossification centers of hyaline cartilage grt to _______________.35. Name & draw the 4 zones the epiphyseal plate.36. Disease where bone does not produce enough Ca++ salts thus have too much collagen making bones rubbery.37. __________ skeleton consists of your skull, vertebrae, ribs, hyoid bone, and ear ossicles.38. __________ skeleton consists of limbs and pectoral/pelvic girdles.39. Only bone in the body that does NOT articulate with another bone?40. Name the 3 bones of the ear.41. Purpose of processes on vertebra?42. Vertebrae found in your neck?43. Vertebrae found in your chest region?44. Vertebrae found in your lower back region?45. Fused vertebrae found in pelvic region?46. Fused vertebrae that makes up tailbone?47. Distinguishing characteristic for cervical vertebrae?48. C1 = ___________49. C2 = ___________50. _________ are depressions found on C1 for holding the skull.51. ______________ of C2 is for allowing the head to turn.52. Posterior process is angled inferiorly = ______________ vertebrae.53. Small posterior process indicates a ______________ vertebrae.54. ___________ is the superior end of the sternum and ____________ _________ is inferior end.55. __________ ribs articulate with the sternum.56. __________ribs do NOT articulate with the sternum.57. T/F. All ribs articulate directly or indirectly with the sternum.ANSWERS Axial Skeleton1. protect, support, movement, mineral storage, producing blood, energy storage.2. osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts3. osteoprogenitor cells4. osteoblasts5. osteocytes6. osteoclasts7. WBC – monocytes8. produce enzyme to break down collagen & acid to dissolve Ca++salts9. Osteon/Haversian System10. collagen – flexibility & tensile strength 42. cervical11. Ca++salts – compression 43. thoracic12. stop producing collagen 44. lumbar13. trabecula 45. sacrum14. long – short – flat – irregular 46. coccyx15. long bones 47. holes in transverse processes16. epiphyses 48. atlas17. diaphysis 49. axis18. medullary cavity 50. fossa19. endosteum 51. odontoid process (dens)20. periosteum 52. thoracic21. dense connective tissue 53. lumbar22. op cells, ob cells, oc cells 54. manubrium, xiphoid process23. spongy 55. true ribs24. red marrow 56. false ribs25. yellow marrow 57. false26. red27. yellow28. reduce weight of skeleton29. true30. skull, sternum, scapula, ribs31. intramembranous – mesenchyme32. endochondrial – hyaline cartilage33. diaphysis34. epiphyses35. zone of resting cart. Zone of mitotic cart. Zone of hypertrophy. Zone of calcified matrix36. Ricketts37. axial38. appendicular39. hyoid bone40. malleus, incus, stapes41. anchor for muscles and