Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice visit www foxitsoftware com shopping BIOL 1543 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I PROKARYOTES II PROTISTS the early Eukaryotes III Plants have adaptations for life on land IV Seedless plants dominated vast coal forests V Seed Plants VI Fruits are the ripened ovary of a flower VII Angiosperms VIII Kingdom FUNGI IX Fungi X What is an animal XI Kingdom Animalia XII Phylum PORIFERA XIII Phylum CNIDARIA XIV Phyla PLATYHELMINTHES and NEMATODA XV Phylum MOLLUSCA XVI Phylum ANNELIDA XVII Phylum ARTHROPODA XVIII Phylum ECHINODERMATA Outline of Current Lecture I Phylum CHORDATA These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II Class Lampreys III Development of the jaw IV Class Cartilaginous fishes V Class Ray finned fishes VI Class Lobe finned fishes VII Class Amphibians VIII Class Reptiles IX Class Birds X Class Mammals XI ECOLOGY XII THE BIOSPHERE Current Lecture I Phylum CHORDATA a Our own phylum the chordates is distinguished by four features i Chordates have 1 A dorsal hollow nerve cord 2 A stiff notochord a flexible supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord 3 Pharyngeal slits 4 A muscular post anal tail pertains to the embryo b The simplest chordates are tunicates and lancelets marine invertebrates that use their pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding aka filter feeding c Most chordates are vertebrates with a head and a backbone made of vertebrae II Class Lampreys a Lampreys are vertebrates that lack hinged jaws and paired fins III Development of the jaw a Most vertebrates have hinged jaws which may have evolved from skeletal supports of the gill slits Gill slits Skeletal rods Skull Mouth i The joint between the temporal bone and the mandible Temporomandibular joint 1 a ginglymoarthroidial joint has a hinge and slides only joint of this type b Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks ray finned fishes and lobe finned fishes i These three lineages of are collectively commonly called fishes ii Fishes is appropriate when referring to more than one type of fish Fish is plural when referring to multiple individuals of the same type IV Class Cartilaginous fishes a Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage but do not have a swim bladder a bladder filled with gas to increase buoyancy They include sharks and rays V Class Ray finned fishes a The ray finned fishes have a skeleton reinforced with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate i They have an operculum meaning a flap of tissue that in fish moves water over the gills for gas exchange that moves water over the gills and a buoyant swim bladder Bony skeleton Gills Operculum Swim bladder VI Class Lobe finned fishes a Lobe fins i The lobe finned fishes have muscular fins supported by bones rod shaped bones ii Coelacanth below VII Class Amphibians a Amphibians were the first tetrapods vertebrates with two pairs of limbs i Amphibians were the first tetrapods with limbs allowing movement on land b Most amphibians have a double life part in water and part on land c This group includes frogs toads and salamanders d Most amphibian embryos and larvae must develop in water e The Axolotl is a type of amphibian VIII Class Reptiles a Reptiles are amniotes the embryo developed within a protective sac tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg i Terrestrial adaptations of reptiles include waterproof scales and a shelled amniotic egg Living reptiles other than birds are ectothermic cold blooded including snakes crocodiles alligators and lizards b Dinosaurs the most diverse reptiles to inhabit land included some of the largest animals ever found on land They may have been endothermic producing their own body heat IX Class Birds a Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight b Birds evolved from a lineage of small twolegged dinosaurs called theropods Wing claw like dinosaur Teeth like dinosaur c Birds are reptiles that have wings feathers endothermic metabolism and many other adaptations related to flight Long tail with many vertebrae Feathers like dinosaur i Feathers started for courtship displays and insulation ii How birds are able to fly 1 2 High metabolic rate 3 Acute senses 4 powerful musculature 5 exo circulation d Flight ability is typical of birds but there are some flightless species X Class Mammals a Mammals are endothermic amniotes that have hair and produce milk i Mammals are endothermic amniotes with hair which insulates their bodies and mammary glands which produce milk ii There are three mammalian groups monotremes marsupials and eutherians iii Monotremes lay eggs while the embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by the placenta within the uterus b Monotremes i Platypus ii Echidnas c Marsupials i Marsupial offspring complete development attached to the mother s nipple usually inside a pouch aka marsupian ii Sugar gliders Petaurus breviceps iii Opossum s are Arkansas marsupials d Eutherians i Eutherians placental mammals complete development before birth 1 Placenta a temporary organ present only during pregnancies part fetas part mother ii Bats eutherian mammals XI ECOLOGY a Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their environments b Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels i At the organismal individual level ecologists may examine how one kind of organism meets the challenges of its environment ii At the population all of one species in an area level ecologists might study factors that limit population size iii At the community all populations in an area level an ecologist might focus on interspecies interactions iv Ecosystem interactions involve living biotic communities and nonliving abiotic physical and chemical factors XII THE BIOSPHERE a The biosphere is the total of all of Earth s ecosystems i The biosphere is the global ecosystem ii It is closed except for heat loss and sunlight solar energy in heat out b Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere i Abiotic factors determining the biosphere s structure and dynamics include solar energy water temperature wind and disturbances ii Habitat the specific environment in which organisms live c Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection d Unique adaptations allow the survival of