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U of A BIOL 1543 - Phylum: CHORDATA
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Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. PROKARYOTES II. PROTISTS - the early Eukaryotes III. Plants have adaptations for life on land IV. Seedless plants dominated vast “coal forests” V. Seed Plants VI. Fruits are the ripened ovary of a flower VII.Angiosperms VIII.Kingdom: FUNGI IX. Fungi X. What is an animal? XI.Kingdom Animalia XII.Phylum: PORIFERA XIII.Phylum: CNIDARIA XIV.Phyla: PLATYHELMINTHES and NEMATODA XV.Phylum: MOLLUSCA XVI.Phylum: ANNELIDA XVII.Phylum: ARTHROPODA XVIII.Phylum: ECHINODERMATA Outline of Current Lecture I. Phylum: CHORDATA BIOL 1543 1st EditionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF EditorTo remove this notice, visit:www.foxitsoftware.com/shoppingII. Class: Lampreys III.Development of the jaw IV. Class: Cartilaginous fishes V. Class: Ray-finned fishes VI.Class: Lobe-finned fishes VII.Class: Amphibians VIII.Class: Reptiles IX.Class: Birds X. Class: Mammals XI.ECOLOGY XII.THE BIOSPHERE Current Lecture I. Phylum: CHORDATA a. Our own phylum, the chordates, is distinguished by four features i. Chordates have 1. A dorsal hollow nerve cord 2. A stiff notochord (a flexible supportive longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord) 3. Pharyngeal slits 4. A muscular post-anal tail (pertains to the embryo) b. The simplest chordates are tunicates and lancelets, marine invertebrates that use their pharyngeal slits for suspension feeding (aka filter feeding). c. Most chordates are vertebrates with a head and a backbone made of vertebrae. II. Class: Lampreys a. Lampreys are vertebrates that lack hinged jaws and paired fins.III.Development of the jaw a. Most vertebrates have hinged jaws, which may have evolved from skeletal supports of the gill slits. i. The joint between the temporal bone and the mandible - Te mp o r o m a n d i b u l a r j o i n t Gill slitsSkeletal rodsSkullMouth1. a ginglymoarthroidial joint - has a hinge and slides (only joint of this type) b. Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes i. These three lineages of are collectively commonly called fishes. ii. (“Fishes” is appropriate when referring to more than one type of fish. “Fish” is plural when referring to multiple individuals of the same type.) IV.Class: Cartilaginous fishes a. Chondrichthyans have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage but do not have a swim bladder (a bladder filled with gas to increase buoyancy). They include sharks and rays. V. Class: Ray-finned fishes a. The ray-finned fishes have a skeleton reinforced with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate. i. They have an operculum (meaning a flap of tissue, that in fish moves water over the gills for gas exchange) that moves water over the gills and a buoyant swim bladder.VI.Class: Lobe-finned fishes a. Lobe-fins i. The lobe-finned fishes have muscular fins supported by bones. (rod shaped bones) ii. Coelacanth (below) VII.Class: Amphibians a. Amphibians were the first tetrapods: vertebrates with two pairs of limbs. GillsBony skeletonSwim bladderOperculumi. Amphibians were the first tetrapods with limbs allowing movement on land. b. Most amphibians have a double-life, part in water and part on land. c. This group includes frogs, toads, and salamanders. d. Most amphibian embryos and larvae must develop in water. e. The Axolotl is a type of amphibian —> VIII.Class: Reptiles a. Reptiles are amniotes (the embryo developed within a protective sac)—tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg i. Ter re st ri al a da pt at io ns o f re pt il es i nc lu de waterproof scales and a shelled, amniotic egg. Living reptiles (other than birds) are ectothermic (cold blooded), including snakes, crocodiles, alligators, and lizards. b. Dinosaurs, the most diverse reptiles to inhabit land, included some of the largest animals ever found on land. They may have been endothermic, producing their own body heat. IX.Class: Birds a. Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight b. Birds evolved from a lineage of small, two-legged dinosaurs called theropods. c. Birds are reptiles that have wings, feathers, endothermic metabolism, and many other adaptations related to flight. Wing claw (like dinosaur)Teet h (like dinosaur)FeathersLong tail with many vertebrae (like dinosaur)i. Feathers started for courtship displays and insulation ii. How birds are able to fly 1.2. High metabolic rate 3. Acute senses 4. powerful musculature 5. exo-circulation d. Flight ability is typical of birds, but there are some flightless species. X. Class: Mammals a. Mammals are endothermic amniotes that have hair and produce milk i. Mammals are endothermic amniotes with hair, which insulates their bodies, and mammary glands, which produce milk. ii. There are three mammalian groups: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians. iii.Monotremes lay eggs, while the embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by the placenta within the uterus. b. Monotremes i. Platypus ii. Echidnas c. Marsupials i. Marsupial offspring complete development attached to the mother’s nipple, usually inside a pouch (aka marsupian). ii. Sugar gliders - Petaurus breviceps iii.Opossum’s are Arkansas’ marsupialsd. Eutherians i. Eutherians, “placental” mammals, complete development before birth. 1. Placenta- a temporary organ present only during pregnancies, part fetas, part mother ii. Bats - eutherian mammals XI.ECOLOGY a. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their environments. b. Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels i. At the organismal (individual) level, ecologists may examine how one kind of organism meets the challenges of its environment. ii. At the population (all of one species in an area) level, ecologists might study factors that limit population size. iii.At the community (all populations in an area) level, an ecologist might focus on interspecies interactions. iv. Ecosystem interactions involve living (biotic) communities and nonliving (abiotic) physical and chemical factors. XII.THE BIOSPHERE a. The biosphere is the total of all of Earth’s ecosystems i. The biosphere is the global ecosystem ii. It is closed except for heat loss and sunlight (solar energy in, heat out) b. Physical and chemical factors influence life in the


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