Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Purebreeds vs Mutts II. Genetics: the study of heredity III. Law of Segregation IV. Alleles and chromosomes V. Law of Independent Assortment VI. The chromosomal basis of Mendel’s laws VII.Independent assortment VIII.A testcross can determine unknown genotypes IX. Human Traits X. Dominant Disorders XI. Biotechnology & reproduction XII.Ethical Considerations? XIII.VARIATIONS ON MENDEL’S LAWS XIV.Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes XV. Codominance XVI.Blood type XVII.Pleiotropic genes and polygenic traits XVIII.Environmental effects on phenotypes XIX.Linked Genes XX.Chromosomes and sex determination BIOL 1543 1st Edition These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. !Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF EditorTo remove this notice, visit:www.foxitsoftware.com/shoppingXXI.Sex-linked genes XXII.Sex-linked disorders Outline of Current Lecture I. DNA and Crime Scene Investigations II. Recombinant bacteria and gene cloning III. Isolating useful DNA IV. Mass-producing gene products V. DNA technology and pharmaceuticals VI. DNA fingerprinting can help solve crimes VII.Gene therapy may someday treat a variety of diseases VIII.The Human Genome Project IX. The science of genomics compares whole genomes X. Genetically Modified Organisms XI. Mutation and variation XII.Variation is extensive in most populations XIII.CONNECTION Current Lecture I. DNA and Crime Scene Investigations a. Many violent crimes go unsolved for lack of enough evidence. i. If biological fluids are left at a crime scene DNA can be isolated from them. ii. DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures that determines with near certainty whether two samples of DNA are from the same individual. II. Recombinant bacteria and gene cloning a. Researchers can insert desired genes into bacteria.b. Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA. (restriction enzymes- enzymes that normally protect cells from intruding DNA from bacteria by chopping it up) c. The “recombinant” bacteria multiply and copy the inserted genes. i. plasmid - a DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of replicating independently of the chromosomes ii. Four different ways use recombinant bacteria 1. Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants 2. Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste 3. Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy a. thrombolytic therapy (clot-busters) 4. Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature III. Isolating useful DNA a. Reverse transcriptase (the enzyme in retroviruses) can be used to make smaller, complementary DNA (cDNA)(slices) libraries. i. a genomic library- a library for storage of cloned DNA info in the form of fragments b. These contain only the genes that are transcribed by a particular type of cell. IV. Mass-producing gene productsa. Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products. i. (certain) Bacteria, (certain) yeast, and (certain) non-human mammals can all be used to produce medical treatments. b. Factor VIII is what is missing in Hemophiliacs c. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) - the clot buster V. DNA technology and pharmaceuticals a. DNA technology is now widely used to produce medicines and to diagnose diseases. b. Therapeutic hormones i. In 1982, humulin, human insulin produced by bacteria, became the first recombinant drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration. c. Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease i. DNA technology is being used increasingly in disease diagnosis. d. Vaccines i. DNA technology is also helping medical researchers develop vaccines. And combination vaccines. VI.DNA fingerprinting can help solve crimes a. Individual matching is very reliable b. Mini- sattellights —> c. Used in paternity as well VII.Gene therapy may someday treat a variety of diseases a. Gene therapy is the alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes. i. Gene therapy may one day beused to treat both genetic diseases and nongenetic disorders. ii. Unfortunately, progress is slow. b. The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences. i. A PCR (polymerase chain reaction) can be used to clone a small sample of DNA quickly, producing enough copies for analysis —> VIII.The Human Genome Project a. A genome is the total genetic content in a haploid set of chromosomes b. The HGP began in 1990 and is now largely finished. i. six goals 1. Identify the genes in DNA 2. Determine the sequences in base pairs 3. Store this info in databases 4. Improve the tools for data analysis 5. Transfer r e l a t e d tech to t h e p r i v a te sector 6. Address the ethical, legal, and social issues 1248Initial DNA segmentNumber of DNA moleculesc. It involved the genetic and physical mapping of chromosomes, followed by DNA sequencing. d. The results are providing insight into development, evolution and many diseases. e. Most of our genome is “noncoding”.(Does not code for a protein) i. 97% didn’t code for anything- referred to as Junk DNA 1. now thought to control which characteristics are actually expressed f. We have 2.9 billion base pairs, but only 25,000 genes. IX. The science of genomics compares whole genomes a. The science of genomics - the comparison of whole genomes (whole species) b. Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes have been sequenced. c. Nonhuman genomes can be compared with the human genome. d. Proteomics is the study of the proteins produced by a genome. i. much more complex than genomics, because 1. One organism has radically different protein production in different areas in the body 2. Same organisms proteins differ in different life stages 3. Different environmental conditions will produce different proteinsX. Genetically Modified Organisms a. GMOs are transforming agriculture: i. Recombinant DNA technology can produce new genetic varieties of plants and animals. ii. Transgenic organisms (organisms that have genes from other organisms inserted into their genome - golden rice) have genes from other organisms inserted into their genomes. 1. golden rice - added daffodil, will now produces vitamin A, which prevents blindness iii.A number of important crops and plants are now GMOs. iv. Ethical concerns and considerations? 1. Upside (benefits) a. increased crop productivity b. enhanced crop protection (resistance to pests) c.