BIOM 121 Edition 1nd Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 8 11 Lecture 8 DNA Structure and Replication The monomers of nucleic acids are composed of what three things A sugar phosphate and a nitrogenous base order of bases determines the molecule that s made What two things form the backbone for the nucleic acid or polynucleotide The sugar and phosphate Define DNA A nucleic acid made of long chains of nucleotide monomers The sugar found in DNA is Deoxyribose Thymine and Cytosine are Pyrimidine The two purines are what Adenine and Guanine Adenine pairs with and Guanine pairs with Thymine Cytosine RNA uses what nucleotide instead of Thymine Uracil The sugar found in RNA is what Ribose is a double stranded helix whereas is singlestranded DNA RNA The complimentary base pairs are held together by what type of bonds Hydrogen aka duplication is the process of making a duplicate copy of a DNA strand Replication 50 nucleotides added sec in mammals and 500 sec in bacteria DNA has a proofreading enzyme and a enzyme Repair is an organism s genetic makeup Genotype The manifestation of the genotype is what the characteristic we see Phenotype Define gene A long line of nucleotides Central Dogma GENES to PROTEINS The two main stages of making a protein from DNA are what Transcription and translation What occurs in the nucleus and moves the message forward by producing RNA DNA to RNA Transcription State the 3 stages of transcription Initiation elongation termination What carries the genetic message from DNA out of the nucleus mRNA aka Messenger RNA What occurs in the cytoplasm mRNA to tRNA Translation tRNA translates the message to a what Polypeptide What is a codon a set of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid Codons in a gene specify the Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide Mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence and are caused by what two things Some error in DNA or mutagens What are Mutagens something capable of causing genetic change Hemoglobin is Oxygen carrying component of blood in red blood cells or nucleotides alter a gene with varying effects on the organism Substituting inserting or deleting Lecture 9 Viruses and Cloning Phages AKA go through these two reproductive cycles Bacteriophage 1 lytic cycle 2 lysogenic cycle For the two reproductive cycles of a phage give a brief explanation of what is happening during each cycle as well as the outcomes Lytic cycle phage enters a bacterium where it is replicated transcribed and translated with new viral DNA protein molecules assemble into new phages result is lyses burst Lysogenic cycle phage DNA is inserted into host s chromosome and is passed on to generations of daughter cells result is bacteria can reproduce asymptomatically talk about what that means phage DNA may alter function illness causing reverts to lytic cycle To lyse To burst AKA the Swine Flu is a type A influenza virus and list the 6 groups of individuals who need to be vaccinated H1N1 pregnant women household caregivers for children healthcare workers anyone between 6 months 24 yrs old 25 yrs or older if at risk of other condition and sick people What is the difference between mortality and morbidity Both can be used to describe a virus but mortality talks about deaths morbidity talks about infected but not dead List all Herpes simplex virus strands along with their associated conditions Simplex 1 cold sore virus simplex 2 genital herpes simplex 3 varicella zoster chicken pox children shingles adults simplex 4 Epstein barr mono infectious mononucleosis known to cause burkitt s lymphoma simplex 5 cytomegalovirus most important congenital virus simplex 6 7 rash simplex 8 kaposi s sarcoma full blown AIDS patients Virulence Ability of a microbe to cause a disease Emerging viruses are especially dangerous because of these three factors RNA mutates faster than DNA changing of host species globalization What is the virus that causes SARS What does SARS stand for Hint was the 2nd virus to be totally eradicated Coronavirus a group of RNA viruses that resemble a crown SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome What are two other names for H5N1 Bird flu and avian flu Define the following terms Endemic occurs regularly in a specific population area Epizootic an epidemic in non humans Epidemic a disease that appears in a given population during a given period at a rate that substantially exceeds what is expected Panzootic affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area Pandemic a disease that spreads on a worldwide scale and effects large portions of the world s population What do AIDS and HIV stand for What kind of virus is AIDS AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV human immunodeficiency virus retrovirus explain what that is What is a clone An individual created by asexual reproduction and thus is genetically identical to a single parent What is a zygote Fertilized embryo Define differentiation The process in which cells acquire a specialized structure and function What is the most common cloning technique used today which can be used to clone animals Nuclear transplantation What is a somatic cell A body cell or any other cell that is not a sperm egg The two types of basic cloning discussed in class were Reproductive and Therapeutic What are stem cells and which type of cloning are they utilized in Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become some type of specialized cell therapeutic cloning Explain the different types of stem cells used during cloning and which one has the most potential Adult stem cells are taken from specialized areas within the body so are limited to what they can develop into Embryonic stem cells can be obtained from an embryo when it is only a few days old and have the most potential to develop into many different types of cells Lecture 10 Cell Division Mitosis Cancer Which type of reproduction produces offspring by fertilization of sperm and egg SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 2 parents sperm and egg offspring not identical more variation more mutations through meiosis Which type of reproduction produces offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1 parent identical less variation less mutation Explain why the offspring are genetic copies of the parent and of each other The genetic information of one parent is duplicated and separated to create two new organisms without recombination crossing over does not happen Organisms that reproduce sexually create more what Variety Give an example of